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Updated:Apr 23, 2026
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Self‑Strengthening Movement (c. 1861–1895)

Self‑Strengthening Movement (c. 1861–1895)

  1. Zongli Yamen established for foreign affairs

    Labels: Zongli Yamen, Qing court
  2. Fuzhou Naval Yard planning begins

    Labels: Fuzhou Naval, Mawei
  3. Construction begins at Foochow Arsenal

    Labels: Foochow Arsenal, Mawei
  4. Tianjin Massacre disrupts cooperative diplomacy

    Labels: Tianjin Massacre, Tianjin
  5. Beiyang Fleet’s formation begins

    Labels: Beiyang Fleet, Northern navy
  6. Chinese Educational Mission begins in United States

    Labels: Chinese Educational, New England
  7. Kaiping coal enterprise founded

    Labels: Kaiping Mines, Li Hongzhang
  8. Imperial Telegraph Administration established

    Labels: Imperial Telegraph, Qing state
  9. First Sino-Japanese War begins (formal declaration)

    Labels: First Sino-Japanese, China
  10. Treaty of Shimonoseki ends the war

    Labels: Treaty of, Japan
  11. Peiyang University approved as modern school model

    Labels: Peiyang University, Tianjin