Yamnaya expansions into Eastern and Central Europe (c. 3300–2500 BCE)

1. Late Neolithic Europe before steppe arrivals

   Jan 1, 4300 BCELabels: Funnelbeaker culture, Central Europe

   • Funnelbeaker

2. Globular Amphora networks spread across Central Europe

   Jan 1, 3400 BCELabels: Globular Amphora, Central Europe

   • Globular Amphora

3. Yamnaya horizon forms on the Pontic–Caspian steppe

   Jan 1, 3300 BCELabels: Yamnaya culture, Pontic Caspian

   • Yamnaya
   • Nature 2015

4. Wagon-based mobility spreads with early Yamnaya

   Jan 1, 3100 BCELabels: Wheeled vehicles, Yamnaya

   • Anthony excerpt
   • Novotitarovskaya

5. Yamnaya-linked kurgan building reaches the Great Hungarian Plain

   Jan 1, 3000 BCELabels: Kurgans, Great Hungarian

   • Radiocarbon

6. Vučedol culture develops in the Danube–Balkan zone

   Jan 1, 3000 BCELabels: Vu edol, Danube Balkan

   • Vu edol

7. Corded Ware appears as steppe ancestry enters Central Europe

   Jan 1, 2900 BCELabels: Corded Ware, Central Europe

   • Nature 2015
   • Bohemia genomes

8. Eastward Corded Ware offshoots spread into forest-steppe Russia

   Jan 1, 2900 BCELabels: Fatyanovo Balanovo, Forest-steppe Russia

   • Fatyanovo
   • Nature 2015

9. Corded Ware in Germany shows large Yamnaya-derived ancestry

   Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Corded Ware, Ancient DNA

   • Nature 2015
   • arXiv 2015

10. Bell Beaker networks expand, interacting with steppe-descended groups

    Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Bell Beaker, Europe

    • Bell Beaker
    • Bohemia genomes

11. Yamnaya period gives way to Catacomb culture in the steppe

    Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Catacomb culture, Pontic steppe

    • Catacomb
    • Yamnaya

12. Legacy: steppe ancestry becomes widespread in later Europeans

    Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Steppe ancestry, Later Europeans

    • Nature 2015
    • Bohemia genomes