Upper Paleolithic Shell-Bead Networks in Europe (c. 40,000–10,000 BP)

1. Isotope sourcing confirms distant beaches for Dentalium beads

   Jan 1, 8190 BCELabels: Dentalium shells, La Madeleine

   • JAS 2004

2. Upper Paleolithic begins with Aurignacian networks

   Jan 1, 4000 BCELabels: Aurignacian, Homo sapiens

   • Aurignacian
   • JAS 2005

3. Marine-shell ornaments map early interaction zones

   Jan 1, 3900 BCELabels: Marine-shell beads, Interaction zones

   • JAS 2005
   • Oxford 2013

4. Isturitz Cave shows early ornament production diversity

   Jan 1, 3500 BCELabels: Isturitz Cave, Ornament production

   • Isturitz study
   • JAS 2005

5. Gravettian expands shared ornament traditions

   Jan 1, 3200 BCELabels: Gravettian, Ornament styles

   • NHB 2024
   • PLOS one

6. Ornament data suggests nine Gravettian cultural entities

   Jan 1, 3100 BCELabels: Gravettian dataset, Cultural entities

   • NHB 2024

7. Fossil-shell collecting adds new exchange routes

   Jan 1, 2800 BCELabels: Fossil shells, Cro-Magnon

   • Paleo 2023
   • NHB 2024

8. Last Glacial Maximum constrains movement and contact

   Jan 1, 2700 BCELabels: Last Glacial, Refugia

   • Britannica LGM
   • Swiss LGM

9. Solutrean era continues ornament circulation in west

   Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Solutrean, Western Europe

   • Solutrean
   • Britannica LGM

10. Magdalenian re-expansion supports long-distance shell transport

    Jan 1, 1600 BCELabels: Magdalenian, Shell transport

    • PCJ 2022
    • Britannica LGM

11. Rochereil shells document inland stockpiling of raw material

    Jan 1, 1500 BCELabels: Rochereil, Stockpiling

    • PCJ 2022

12. Bølling–Allerød warming reshapes Late Glacial connections

    Jan 1, 1270 BCELabels: B lling, Climate warming

    • Britannica BA
    • BA overview

13. Younger Dryas cold phase disrupts late hunter-gatherer systems

    Jan 1, 1090 BCELabels: Younger Dryas, Cold phase

    • Britannica YD
    • YD overview

14. Azilian marks post-Magdalenian shift in western Europe

    Jan 1, 1050 BCELabels: Azilian, Franco-Cantabrian

    • Azilian