Tusi (native chieftain) administration and its abolition in Yunnan–Guizhou (1725–1913)

1. Yongzheng begins tighter frontier administration

   Dec 27, 1722Labels: Yongzheng Emperor, Qing centralization

   • Yongzheng
   • ChinaKnowledge

2. Qing relies on tusi rule in southwest

   Jan 1, 1725Labels: Tusi system, Yunnan Guizhou

   • ChinaKnowledge
   • Tusi

3. Ortai appointed to drive gaitu guiliu

   Jan 1, 1726Labels: Ortai, Gaitu Guiliu

   • ChinaKnowledge
   • Gaitu guiliu

4. Military campaigns enforce reforms in Yunnan–Guizhou

   Jan 1, 1726Labels: Ortai, Military campaigns

   • Miao 1735 36
   • Gaitu guiliu

5. Wumeng revolt accelerates northeastern Yunnan conversions

   Dec 1, 1726Labels: Wumeng tusi, Northeastern Yunnan

   • Sohu essay
   • ChinaKnowledge

6. Reforms provoke the 1735–1736 Miao Rebellion

   Jan 1, 1735Labels: Miao Rebellion, Guizhou

   • Miao 1735 36
   • Tusi

7. Most Yunnan–Guizhou tusi offices disappear by late 1700s

   Jan 1, 1790Labels: Tusi decline, Counties expansion

   • ChinaKnowledge
   • Tusi

8. Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 shows persistent strains

   Jan 1, 1795Labels: Miao Rebellion, 1795 1806

   • Miao 1795 1806
   • ChinaKnowledge

9. Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873 devastates Guizhou

   Mar 1, 1854Labels: Miao Rebellion, Guizhou devastation

   • Miao 1854 73
   • Miao 1795 1806

10. 1911 Revolution undermines Qing-era frontier arrangements

    Oct 10, 1911Labels: 1911 Revolution, Republican authorities

    • Tusi end paper
    • Dehong

11. Yunnan creates “suppression commissioners” in tusi areas

    Jan 1, 1913Labels: Yunnan province, Suppression commissioners

    • Mangshi
    • Wikipedia

12. Abolition becomes the formal policy endpoint by 1913

    Dec 31, 1913Labels: Abolition 1913, Republican policy

    • Tusi end paper
    • Mangshi