Transformation of Ottoman military institutions into the Turkish Armed Forces (1908–1939)

1. Young Turk Revolution restores constitution

   Jul 23, 1908Labels: Young Turks, Abd lhamid

   • Britannica

2. 31 March Incident prompts Action Army intervention

   Apr 13, 1909Labels: 31 March, Action Army

   • 31 March
   • Britannica

3. Balkan Wars expose Ottoman military weaknesses

   Oct 1, 1912Labels: Balkan Wars, Ottoman Army

   • Britannica

4. Liman von Sanders mission expands German influence

   Dec 1, 1913Labels: Liman von, German mission

   • ATAM Journal

5. Armistice of Mudros orders Ottoman demobilization

   Oct 30, 1918Labels: Armistice of, Ottoman demobilization

   • Britannica

6. Greek occupation of Izmir triggers local armed resistance

   May 15, 1919Labels: Greek occupation, Kuv -yi

   • TUBA
   • KTB Museum

7. Grand National Assembly opens in Ankara

   Apr 23, 1920Labels: Grand National, Ankara government

   • KTB Ankara

8. General Staff institution formed under Ankara government

   May 3, 1920Labels: General Staff, Ankara General

   • Gen Staff
   • GNA Govt

9. Treaty of Sèvres proposes strict limits on Ottoman forces

   Aug 10, 1920Labels: Treaty of, Allied powers

   • Britannica

10. Battle of Sakarya halts Greek advance

    Aug 23, 1921Labels: Battle of, Turkish army

    • Sakarya

11. Great Offensive defeats Greek army in Anatolia

    Aug 26, 1922Labels: Great Offensive, Turkish forces

    • Great Off

12. Armistice of Mudanya ends major fighting

    Oct 11, 1922Labels: Armistice of, Diplomatic settlement

    • Mudanya

13. Sultanate abolished, ending the Ottoman monarchy

    Nov 1, 1922Labels: Abolition of, Grand National

    • Sultanate
    • KTB Ankara

14. Treaty of Lausanne recognizes modern Turkey’s sovereignty

    Jul 24, 1923Labels: Treaty of, Republic of

    • Britannica

15. Republic proclaimed; military tied to republican state

    Oct 29, 1923Labels: Proclamation of, Army of

    • KTB Ankara
    • 2nd GNA

16. Ministry of General Staff abolished; command professionalized

    Mar 3, 1924Labels: Law No, Ministry abolished

    • Min GenStaff
    • 2nd GNA

17. 1924 Constitution defines civilian sovereignty over the army

    Apr 20, 1924Labels: 1924 Constitution, Presidential command

    • Wikisource

18. Military education shifts toward Ankara-centered institutions

    Sep 25, 1936Labels: Turkish Military, Ankara relocation

    • TMA History
    • Harbiye