Trans-Saharan caravan trade and Timbuktu as a mercantile center (13th–16th centuries)

1. Tuareg found Timbuktu as caravan way-station

   Jan 1, 1100Labels: Tuareg, Timbuktu, Niger Delta

   • UNESCO
   • Britannica
   • Smithsonian

2. Mali Empire consolidates Niger–Sahara trade nexus

   Jan 1, 1235Labels: Mali Empire, Niger River, Sahel

   • Britannica
   • MetMuseum

3. Mali gains control over Timbuktu

   Jan 1, 1324Labels: Mali Empire, Timbuktu, Islamic Institutions

   • Britannica
   • MetMuseum

4. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage boosts Mali’s global profile

   Jan 1, 1324Labels: Mansa Musa, Mali Empire

   • NatGeo
   • Britannica

5. Djinguereber Mosque built under Mali patronage

   Jan 1, 1327Labels: Djinguereber Mosque, Mali Empire, Timbuktu

   • UNESCO
   • Britannica

6. Ibn Battuta records Timbuktu and Saharan trade

   Jan 1, 1353Labels: Ibn Battuta, Taghaza, Timbuktu

   • Fordham
   • Britannica
   • Wikipedia

7. Sankore Mosque grows into a major learning center

   Jan 1, 1400Labels: Sankore Mosque, Timbuktu

   • UNESCO
   • Britannica

8. Sunni Ali brings Timbuktu into Songhai sphere

   Jan 1, 1468Labels: Sunni Ali, Songhai Empire, Timbuktu

   • WorldHistory
   • Britannica

9. Askia Muhammad I expands Songhai administration and trade

   Jan 1, 1493Labels: Askia Muhammad, Songhai Empire

   • Britannica
   • WorldHistory

10. Leo Africanus describes Timbuktu’s commerce

    Jan 1, 1510Labels: Leo Africanus, Timbuktu

    • Britannica
    • Wikipedia
    • Smithsonian

11. Timbuktu peaks as manuscript and commodity marketplace

    Jan 1, 1550Labels: Timbuktu, Manuscript Market

    • UNESCO
    • Britannica

12. Saadian Morocco defeats Songhai at Tondibi

    Mar 13, 1591Labels: Saadian Morocco, Battle of

    • Britannica
    • Wikipedia

13. Moroccan occupation of Timbuktu begins

    May 30, 1591Labels: Moroccan Occupation, Timbuktu

    • Britannica
    • Wikipedia
    • Wikipedia