Timing and geography of Neanderthal introgression into modern human genomes (c. 60–40 ka)

1. Neanderthals occupy western Eurasia before contact

   -0400000-01-01Labels: Neanderthals, Western Eurasia

   • Nature

2. Out-of-Africa expansion brings humans into Neanderthal range

   -0060000-01-01Labels: Homo sapiens, Near East

   • Nature

3. Shared Neanderthal gene flow begins in ancestral non-Africans

   -0050500-01-01Labels: Ancestral non-Africans, Shared admixture

   • Science PubMed
   • Nature

4. Main shared introgression window inferred from ancient genomes

   -0050500-01-01Labels: Ancient genomes, Introgression window

   • Science PubMed

5. Ranis genomes date shared admixture to ~49–45 ka

   -0049000-01-01Labels: Ranis genomes, Zlat k

   • Nature

6. Ust’-Ishim genome constrains admixture to 50–60 ka

   -0045000-01-01Labels: Ust -Ishim, Western Siberia

   • Nature PubMed
   • Nature

7. Bacho Kiro individuals show very recent Neanderthal ancestors

   -0044000-01-01Labels: Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria

   • Nature
   • SCI

8. Oase 1 in Romania has a Neanderthal ancestor 4–6 generations back

   -0042000-01-01Labels: Oase 1, Pe tera

   • Nature
   • Nature PMC

9. Neanderthals disappear as a distinct population (~41–39 ka)

   -0041000-01-01Labels: Neanderthals, Population disappearance

   • Nature
   • Nature

10. Different early Eurasian groups vary in later admixture signals

    -0040000-01-01Labels: Tianyuan, Population variation

    • Nature

11. Neanderthal ancestry becomes a stable fraction in later non-Africans

    -0035000-01-01Labels: Non-Africans, Ancestry baseline

    • Science PubMed
    • Science PubMed

12. Draft Neanderthal genome demonstrates gene flow into non-Africans

    May 7, 2010Labels: Draft Neanderthal, 2010 study

    • Science PubMed

13. 2024 studies narrow the shared admixture date to ~45–49 ka

    Dec 1, 2024Labels: 2024 Nature, Shared admixture

    • Nature
    • NHM