The Scramble for Africa and European Resource Extraction (1884–1914)

1. Berlin Conference opens “rules” for African claims

   Nov 15, 1884Labels: Berlin Conference, Effective Occupation

   • Britannica
   • Foreign Office

2. Leopold II establishes the Congo Free State

   Feb 5, 1885Labels: Leopold II, Congo Free

   • NatGeo
   • Britannica

3. General Act of Berlin signed

   Feb 26, 1885Labels: General Act, Congo River

   • Foreign Office
   • Britannica

4. Witwatersrand gold discovery fuels Southern African expansion

   Jul 1, 1886Labels: Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

   • SAHO
   • Britannica

5. Chartered-company rule expands the scramble’s reach

   Oct 1, 1889Labels: British South, Chartered Company

   • SAHO
   • Britannica

6. Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty trades spheres of influence

   Jul 1, 1890Labels: Heligoland Zanzibar, Britain Germany

   • Britannica
   • GHDI

7. Brussels Act links “anti-slavery” and colonial controls

   Jul 2, 1890Labels: Brussels Act, Anti-slavery Conference

   • Brussels Act
   • Brussels Conf

8. Fashoda Incident brings Britain and France to the brink

   Sep 18, 1898Labels: Fashoda Incident, Sudan

   • Britannica
   • Britannica

9. Second Boer War begins over power and resources

   Oct 11, 1899Labels: Second Boer, Boer Republics

   • Kraaipan
   • Vereeniging

10. German campaign against Herero begins in Southwest Africa

    Jan 12, 1904Labels: Herero War, German Southwest

    • Britannica
    • Genocide

11. Congo Reform Association launches international pressure campaign

    Mar 1, 1904Labels: Congo Reform, Humanitarian Campaign

    • CRA
    • NatGeo

12. Entente Cordiale reduces Anglo-French imperial rivalry

    Apr 8, 1904Labels: Entente Cordiale, Britain France

    • Britannica
    • Britannica

13. Maji Maji Rebellion erupts against forced cotton production

    Jul 1, 1905Labels: Maji Maji, German East

    • Maji Maji
    • Britannica

14. Belgium annexes the Congo Free State

    Nov 15, 1908Labels: Belgian Annexation, Congo Colony

    • Colonial Charter
    • Belgian Congo

15. Union of South Africa formed after imperial consolidation

    May 31, 1910Labels: Union of, Dominion

    • Union SA
    • Vereeniging

16. Agadir Crisis trades African territory for European détente

    Jul 1, 1911Labels: Agadir Crisis, Morocco

    • Britannica
    • Agadir

17. World War I begins and pauses the scramble’s era

    Jul 28, 1914Labels: World War, Colonial Mobilization

    • Britannica
    • Britannica