The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty and the International Turn to Free Trade (1860–1866)

1. Cobden begins talks with Napoleon III

   Oct 27, 1859Labels: Richard Cobden, Napoleon III, Paris talks

   • Britannica
   • Cobden Treaty

2. Cobden–Chevalier Treaty signed in London

   Jan 23, 1860Labels: Cobden Chevalier, United Kingdom, France

   • UK Archives
   • Britannica
   • Cobden Treaty

3. UK Parliament outlines treaty tariff commitments

   Feb 10, 1860Labels: UK Parliament, tariff commitments

   • Hansard
   • Hansard API

4. Treaty’s MFN clause framed as a model

   Mar 15, 1860Labels: MFN clause, treaty model

   • Hansard
   • Britannica

5. Treaty encourages a wave of European negotiations

   Jun 1, 1860Labels: European negotiations, treaty wave

   • Britannica
   • Str th

6. Belgium reacts to the new MFN logic

   Jan 1, 1861Labels: Belgium, MFN debate

   • UGent Paper

7. Franco-Belgian treaty extends the treaty network

   Jan 1, 1861Labels: Franco-Belgian treaty, Belgium

   • UGent Paper
   • Hansard API

8. Belgium launches wider treaty-making campaign

   Oct 1, 1861Labels: Belgian treaty, Belgium

   • UGent Paper

9. Free-trade ideas face organized criticism

   Jan 1, 1862Labels: Protectionist critics, industrial concern

   • Str th

10. Trade diplomacy becomes a standard policy tool

    Feb 17, 1863Labels: Trade diplomacy, British foreign

    • Hansard API
    • Str th

11. Cobden–Chevalier model consolidates across Europe

    Jan 1, 1866Labels: Cobden Chevalier, European network

    • Str th
    • Britannica

12. 1860–1866 period remembered as turning point

    May 19, 1879Labels: Turning point, Parliamentary memory

    • Hansard
    • Britannica