Tax Farming (Iltizam) and Fiscal Practices (16th–18th centuries)

1. Iltizam tax farming initiated under Mehmed II

   Jan 1, 1451Labels: Mehmed II, Iltizam, M ltezim

   • Britannica

2. Avarız emerges as an extraordinary cash levy

   Jan 1, 1490Labels: Av r, Ottoman treasury

   • Avar z

3. Nüzül requisitions used to supply campaigning armies

   Jan 1, 1500Labels: N z, Ottoman army

   • N z l

4. Tahrir registers systematize provincial tax assessment

   Jan 1, 1520Labels: Tahrir registers, Provincial administration

   • Orbay METU

5. Öşür (ashar) tithe remains a core rural revenue

   Jan 1, 1540Labels: r, Rural taxation

   • Ashar

6. Extraordinary levies consolidated under tekalif-i örfiye

   Jan 1, 1600Labels: Tekalif-i rfiye, Extraordinary levies

   • Tekalif

7. Shift toward cash finance increases iltizam’s importance

   Jan 1, 1600Labels: Iltizam, Cash finance

   • Akp nar Bilkent
   • Britannica

8. Avarız becomes more routine in fiscal practice

   Jan 1, 1650Labels: Av r, Fiscal practice

   • Avar z
   • Taxation wiki

9. Malikâne life-term tax farms introduced

   Jan 1, 1695Labels: Malik ne, Tax farms

   • Malik ne

10. Eighteenth-century court records document avarız administration

    Jan 1, 1725Labels: er iyye, Av r

    • DOAJ Antep

11. İrâd-ı Cedîd treasury created to fund reforms

    Mar 1, 1793Labels: r d-, Selim III

    • WorldHistory

12. Iltizam officially abolished in Ottoman reforms

    Jan 1, 1856Labels: Iltizam, Ottoman reforms

    • Britannica