Taoism during the Republican era: reform, revival, and schisms (1912–1949)

1. Republic of China founded; religious field reshaped

   Jan 1, 1912Labels: Republic of, Daoist temples

   • Britannica

2. Guiyidao founded amid new religious movements

   Jan 1, 1916Labels: Guiyidao, Shandong

   • Guiyidao

3. Spirit Soldier rebellions linked to Daoist ritual leadership

   Jan 1, 1920Labels: Spirit Soldiers, Hubei, Sichuan

   • Spirit Soldiers

4. Red Swastika Society formed as religious charity

   Jan 1, 1922Labels: Red Swastika, Daoyuan

   • Red Swastika
   • Guiyidao

5. State-backed Daozang reproduction authorized under Xu Shichang

   Jan 1, 1926Labels: Daozang, Xu Shichang

   • ChinaKnowledge
   • GoldenElixir

6. Expanded Daozang jiyao reprint continues into late 1920s

   Jan 1, 1929Labels: Daozang jiyao, text compilation

   • Pregadio

7. New Life Movement promotes moral reform over popular religion

   Feb 19, 1934Labels: New Life, Chiang Kai-shek

   • New Life

8. Red Swastika Society carries out Nanjing Massacre burials

   Dec 13, 1937Labels: Red Swastika, Nanjing Massacre

   • Britannica
   • Death Toll

9. Chen Yingning founds Shanghai Xianxueyuan for neidan study

   Jan 1, 1938Labels: Chen Yingning, Xianxueyuan

   • TaoistLifestyle
   • DaoInfo

10. White Cloud Temple faces instability in the 1940s

    Jan 1, 1940Labels: White Cloud, Quanzhen

    • White Cloud

11. Zhang Enpu leaves Longhu Shan as Communists advance

    Apr 28, 1949Labels: Zhang Enpu, Longhu Shan

    • X Boorman

12. Zhang Enpu arrives in Taiwan, beginning a separate organizational track

    Dec 1, 1949Labels: Zhang Enpu, Taiwan

    • X Boorman