Sugar plantation expansion and the plantation economy in Java (1820–1900)

1. Netherlands Trading Society channels Java sugar exports

   Jan 1, 1824Labels: Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, Cultivation System

   • NHM
   • FRASER 1844

2. Cultivation System begins forced export-crop production

   Jan 1, 1830Labels: Cultivation System, Sugar cane

   • Cultivation System
   • Knight Adelaide

3. End of the Java War reshapes colonial priorities

   Mar 28, 1830Labels: Java War, Dutch colonial

   • Britannica
   • Cultivation System

4. Sugar cultivation spreads across Java’s residencies

   Jan 1, 1840Labels: East Java, North Coast

   • Fasseur excerpt
   • Knight Adelaide

5. 1840s famines expose risks of forced cash-cropping

   Jan 1, 1846Labels: Cirebon, Famine 1840s

   • Cultivation System
   • Cultuurstelsel FR

6. Steam and industrial methods transform Java sugar mills

   Jan 1, 1850Labels: Steam mills, Industrialization

   • Knight Adelaide
   • CUP chapter

7. Max Havelaar intensifies criticism of colonial exploitation

   Jan 1, 1860Labels: Multatuli, Max Havelaar

   • Max Havelaar
   • Max Havelaar FR

8. First rail lines begin supporting plantation transport

   Jul 19, 1868Labels: Java Railways, Plantation transport

   • Semarang Tawang
   • Kedungjati

9. Agrarian Law opens Java to long-term private leasing

   Jan 1, 1870Labels: Agrarische Wet, Private leasing

   • DOAJ article
   • Suikerwet

10. Sugar Law schedules end of forced sugar cultivation

    Jul 21, 1870Labels: Suikerwet, Sugar Law

    • Suikerwet
    • Knight Adelaide

11. Forced sale channel to NHM is abolished

    Jan 1, 1872Labels: Netherlands Trading, Market liberalization

    • Ned Suikerraff
    • Ams Stoom

12. Coolie Ordinance legalizes penal sanctions on labor

    Jan 1, 1880Labels: Koelie Ordonnantie, Penal sanction

    • Poenale sanctie
    • Dutch East Indies

13. Java becomes a leading Asian sugar exporter

    Jan 1, 1900Labels: Java sugar, Export economy

    • Knight Adelaide
    • Suikerwet