State minting, paper credit, and monetary strains in Qing China (18th–19th centuries)

1. Bimetal monetary system underpins Qing taxation

   Jan 1, 1700Labels: Bimetal system, Silver tael, Copper cash

   • Chinaknowledge
   • Qing Economy

2. Early Qianlong copper shortage pressures coin supply

   Oct 1, 1735Labels: Qianlong reign, Copper shortage

   • Qianlong Tongbao
   • Qing Coinage

3. Yunnan copper output boosts minting capacity

   Jan 1, 1740Labels: Yunnan mines, Provincial mint

   • Qianlong Tongbao

4. Military spending and coin quality deterioration

   Jan 1, 1755Labels: Military spending, Qianlong coins

   • Qianlong Tongbao

5. Provincial mints closed amid copper constraints

   Jan 1, 1794Labels: Provincial mints, Mint closures

   • Qianlong Tongbao

6. Daoguang era deflation deepens monetary pressures

   Sep 15, 1820Labels: Daoguang reign, Deflation

   • Qing Economy

7. Silver outflows linked to opium trade strain currency

   Jan 1, 1828Labels: Opium trade, Silver outflow

   • Qing Economy

8. First Opium War escalates fiscal and monetary stress

   Mar 1, 1839Labels: First Opium, Qing fiscal

   • Britannica Nanjing
   • Qing Economy

9. Treaty of Nanjing imposes indemnity in silver

   Aug 29, 1842Labels: Treaty of, Silver indemnity

   • Britannica Nanjing
   • ChiCulture

10. Great Qing Treasure Notes issued as cash paper money

    Jan 1, 1853Labels: Great Qing, Paper money

    • Baochao
    • Shanghai Museum

11. Hubu Guanpiao issued as tael-denominated notes

    Jan 1, 1853Labels: Hubu Guanpiao, Tael notes

    • Hubu Guanpiao

12. Taiping capture of Nanjing triggers fiscal emergency

    Mar 19, 1853Labels: Taiping capture, Nanjing

    • Hubu Guanpiao

13. Large-denomination coinage and debasement expand inflation risk

    Jan 1, 1854Labels: Debasement, Large-denomination coins

    • US Historian
    • Baochao

14. Government notes rapidly depreciate during continued emissions

    Jan 1, 1856Labels: Note depreciation, Paper emissions

    • Paper Money Qing
    • Hubu Guanpiao

15. Official retreat from Xianfeng-era paper money

    Jan 1, 1861Labels: Xianfeng era, Monetary retreat

    • Baochao
    • Paper Money Qing
    • US Historian