Spread of Y‑chromosome haplogroup E and early African–Eurasian gene flow (c. 60–20 ka)

1. Haplogroup E forms within African Y lineages

   Jan 1, 58000 BCELabels: Haplogroup E, Africa

   • YFull Tree
   • ISOGG

2. E-P2 splits into E-V38 and E-M215

   Jan 1, 47500 BCELabels: E P2, E V38, E M215

   • YFull E P2
   • ISOGG

3. Upper Paleolithic Eurasian genomes show earlier admixture windows

   Jan 1, 45000 BCELabels: Ust Ishim, Neanderthal admixture

   • Nature 2014
   • PubMed

4. E-V38 establishes the stem for E-M2

   Jan 1, 40000 BCELabels: E V38, E M2

   • ISOGG
   • YFull E V38

5. E-M215 emerges, a root for E1b1b

   Jan 1, 39000 BCELabels: E M215, E1b1b

   • YFull E M215
   • ISOGG

6. E-M35 diversifies within E-M215 branches

   Jan 1, 25000 BCELabels: E M35, E M215

   • YFull E M35
   • ISOGG

7. E-M2 appears, later widespread in sub-Saharan Africa

   Jan 1, 20000 BCELabels: E M2, Sub Saharan

   • YFull E M2
   • ISOGG

8. Late Pleistocene climate pressures reshape movement routes

   Jan 1, 20000 BCELabels: Last Glacial, Refugia

   • Britannica LGM
   • NOAA Paleoclimate

9. By 20 ka, haplogroup E is split across major regions

   Jan 1, 20000 BCELabels: E M35, E M2

   • YFull E Tree
   • ISOGG

10. Legacy: a genetic record of early African–Eurasian contacts

    Jan 1, 20000 BCELabels: African Near, Haplogroup E

    • Science 2018
    • Cell 2017

11. Iberomaurusian North Africans show E-M78 lineages

    Jan 1, 15000 BCELabels: Iberomaurusian, E M78

    • Science 2018
    • PubMed

12. Taforalt genomes indicate Africa–Near East connections

    Jan 1, 15000 BCELabels: Taforalt, Natufian affinity

    • Science 2018
    • PubMed