South Africa: End of Apartheid and Transition to Democracy (1989–1999)

1. De Klerk becomes State President

   Aug 15, 1989Labels: F W, South African

   • De Klerk

2. De Klerk announces sweeping political unbannings

   Feb 2, 1990Labels: F W, ANC

   • O Malley
   • SAHO

3. Nelson Mandela released from prison

   Feb 11, 1990Labels: Nelson Mandela, Robben Island

   • Mandela Fdn
   • History com

4. Groote Schuur Minute establishes negotiation mechanisms

   May 4, 1990Labels: Groote Schuur, ANC

   • O Malley
   • SAHO

5. Pretoria Minute: ANC suspends armed actions

   Aug 6, 1990Labels: Pretoria Minute, ANC

   • ANC
   • O Malley

6. National Peace Accord signed to curb violence

   Sep 14, 1991Labels: National Peace, civil society

   • Mandela Fdn
   • Washington Post

7. CODESA I opens multiparty constitutional negotiations

   Dec 20, 1991Labels: CODESA, World Trade

   • National Archives
   • Wikipedia

8. White electorate endorses reforms in 1992 referendum

   Mar 17, 1992Labels: 1992 Referendum, white electorate

   • History com
   • Wikipedia

9. CODESA II convenes amid deadlock

   May 15, 1992Labels: CODESA II, constitutional deadlock

   • National Archives
   • O Malley

10. Boipatong massacre disrupts negotiations

    Jun 17, 1992Labels: Boipatong Massacre, community violence

    • SAHO
    • Wikipedia

11. Record of Understanding breaks key impasses

    Sep 26, 1992Labels: Record of, Nelson Mandela

    • SAHO
    • UPI

12. Multiparty Negotiating Forum begins work

    Apr 1, 1993Labels: Multiparty Negotiating, MPNF

    • Wikipedia
    • SAHO

13. Assassination of Chris Hani threatens transition

    Apr 10, 1993Labels: Chris Hani, ANC

    • Britannica
    • Wikipedia

14. Mandela and de Klerk awarded Nobel Peace Prize

    Oct 15, 1993Labels: Nelson Mandela, F W

    • Nobel Prize

15. Interim Constitution assented (Act 200 of 1993)

    Jan 25, 1994Labels: Interim Constitution, Act 200

    • Interim Const

16. First non-racial democratic election held

    Apr 27, 1994Labels: 1994 Election, universal suffrage

    • SA Gov
    • Apartheid Museum

17. Nelson Mandela inaugurated as President

    May 10, 1994Labels: Nelson Mandela, President of

    • SA Gov

18. Final Constitution comes into force

    Feb 4, 1997Labels: Final Constitution, Constitution of

    • Interim Const
    • SAHRC