Sharpeville Massacre and State Responses (1960–1961)

1. PAC launches nationwide anti-pass campaign

   Mar 21, 1960Labels: Pan-Africanist Congress, Anti-pass campaign

   • Britannica
   • SAHO Topic

2. Police open fire at Sharpeville protest

   Mar 21, 1960Labels: Sharpeville Massacre, South African

   • Britannica
   • SAHO Topic

3. Government declares nationwide state of emergency

   Mar 30, 1960Labels: State of, Apartheid government

   • SAHO Timeline
   • SAHO Dated

4. Mass detentions follow emergency declaration

   Mar 30, 1960Labels: Mass Detentions, Security Police

   • Britannica
   • SAHO Timeline

5. UN Security Council adopts Resolution 134

   Apr 1, 1960Labels: UN Security, Resolution 134

   • UNSCR
   • UN Docs

6. Parliament passes Unlawful Organizations Act

   Apr 7, 1960Labels: Unlawful Organizations, South African

   • Unlawful Act
   • SAHO Timeline

7. ANC and PAC are banned nationwide

   Apr 8, 1960Labels: African National, Pan-Africanist Congress

   • Britannica
   • SAHO Timeline

8. State of emergency is lifted, detentions continue

   Aug 31, 1960Labels: Emergency Lifted, Ongoing Detentions

   • SAHO 1960s
   • SAHO Dated

9. White-only referendum backs becoming a republic

   Oct 5, 1960Labels: White-only Referendum, Republic debate

   • Referendum
   • SAHO 1960s

10. General Law Amendment Act expands security powers

    May 19, 1961Labels: General Law, Security Legislation

    • Gov za
    • LawLibrary

11. Republic of South Africa is proclaimed

    May 31, 1961Labels: Republic Proclaimed, South African

    • Constitution
    • Referendum

12. Indemnity Act blocks legal claims for state violence

    Jul 5, 1961Labels: Indemnity Act, State Immunity

    • Indemnity Act
    • Unlawful Act