Salted, dried, and preserved provisioning practices for Atlantic voyages (c. 15th–19th centuries)

1. Portuguese begin systematic Atlantic ocean voyaging

   Jan 1, 1415Labels: Portugal, Ship s, Atlantic voyages

   • Britannica
   • RMG Biscuit or

2. Salt-cured fish expands in North Atlantic trade

   Jan 1, 1500Labels: Salted cod, North Atlantic

   • Britannica Cod
   • Nauticapedia

3. Spanish Armada-era Royal Navy biscuit ration noted

   Aug 1, 1588Labels: Royal Navy, Ship s

   • RMG Biscuit
   • Hardtack

4. Pepys regularizes Royal Navy victualling

   Jan 1, 1667Labels: Samuel Pepys, Royal Navy

   • RMG Biscuit
   • Hardtack

5. State victualling department re-established in England

   Jan 1, 1683Labels: Victualling Department, England

   • SNR 1697

6. Victualling Instructions formalize supply administration

   Jul 30, 1697Labels: Victualling Instructions, Royal Navy

   • SNR 1697

7. Cook’s first voyage provisions include sauerkraut

   Aug 26, 1768Labels: James Cook, Sauerkraut

   • NPS Scurvy
   • ABC Cook

8. Royal Navy begins issuing lemon juice daily

   Jun 1, 1795Labels: Royal Navy, Lemon juice

   • Scurvy
   • NPS Scurvy

9. Bent begins “water crackers” for sea storage

   Jan 1, 1801Labels: Josiah Bent, Water crackers

   • Hardtack
   • Water biscuit

10. Appert publishes heat-and-seal preservation method

    Jan 1, 1810Labels: Nicolas Appert, Heat-and-seal

    • FoodIngFacts

11. Durand receives patent for tin-can preservation

    Aug 25, 1810Labels: Peter Durand, Tin can

    • Durand
    • GWR Cans

12. Donkin, Hall, and Gamble establish canning works

    Jan 1, 1813Labels: Donkin Hall, Canning works

    • GWR Cans
    • J E Hall

13. Royal Clarence Yard established as major victualling site

    Jan 1, 1828Labels: Royal Clarence, Gosport

    • Clarence Yard
    • RMG Biscuit

14. Preserved beef in tins officially issued to Royal Navy

    Jan 1, 1847Labels: Royal Navy, Preserved beef

    • RMG Biscuit
    • Biscuit