Role of the Papal States and Vatican Diplomacy during Unification (1849–1870)

1. French forces restore papal rule in Rome

   Jul 3, 1849Labels: French Army, Papal States

   • Britannica
   • Fall of Rome

2. Pius IX returns under a continuing French garrison

   Apr 1, 1850Labels: Pius IX, French Garrison

   • Fall of Rome
   • Britannica

3. War of 1859 sparks revolts in papal northern provinces

   Jun 1, 1859Labels: Papal Legations, Franco-Sardinian War

   • Britannica
   • War 1859

4. Villafranca armistice proposes a pope-led confederation

   Jul 11, 1859Labels: Villafranca, Napoleon III

   • Britannica
   • Villafranca

5. Pius IX excommunicates participants in central Italian revolts

   Mar 26, 1860Labels: Pius IX, Excommunication

   • House Divided
   • Pius IX

6. Sardinia defeats papal army at Castelfidardo

   Sep 18, 1860Labels: Battle of, Sardinia

   • Castelfidardo
   • History of War

7. Italian parliament declares Rome the national capital

   Mar 27, 1861Labels: Italian Parliament, Rome

   • Capture of Rome
   • Pius IX

8. September Convention sets terms for French withdrawal

   Sep 15, 1864Labels: September Convention, France

   • Britannica
   • Convention

9. Pius IX condemns modern political errors

   Dec 8, 1864Labels: Pius IX, Syllabus of

   • Quanta cura
   • Syllabus

10. The Holy See urges Italian Catholics to abstain

    Feb 29, 1868Labels: Holy See, Non expedit

    • New Advent
    • Non Expedit

11. First Vatican Council opens amid threat to Rome

    Dec 8, 1869Labels: First Vatican, Pius IX

    • Vatican I
    • Pius IX

12. French protection ends as war erupts in 1870

    Jul 19, 1870Labels: Franco-Prussian War, French Troops

    • Convention
    • Capture of Rome

13. Italy captures Rome at the breach of Porta Pia

    Sep 20, 1870Labels: Porta Pia, Kingdom of

    • Capture of Rome
    • Pius IX

14. Council adjourned after Rome’s capture

    Sep 20, 1870Labels: First Vatican, Council Adjournment

    • Vatican I
    • Capture of Rome

15. Plebiscite confirms annexation of Rome and Latium

    Oct 2, 1870Labels: Plebiscite 1870, Latium

    • Capture of Rome
    • Pius IX

16. Law of Guarantees offers papal privileges; Pius refuses

    May 13, 1871Labels: Law of, Pius IX

    • Britannica
    • Guarantees