Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco (1881–1956)

1. Treaty of Bardo establishes Tunisia protectorate

   May 12, 1881Labels: Treaty of, French resident, Tunisian bey

   • Britannica
   • Britannica Tunisia

2. Conventions of La Marsa deepen French control

   Jun 8, 1883Labels: Conventions of, Tunisian bey, French administration

   • La Marsa
   • Treaty Bardo

3. Algeciras Act formalizes foreign influence in Morocco

   Apr 7, 1906Labels: Algeciras Act, European powers, Morocco

   • Algeciras
   • Casablanca

4. French bombardment of Casablanca escalates intervention

   Aug 5, 1907Labels: Casablanca bombardment, French navy, Casablanca

   • Casablanca Bomb
   • Casablanca

5. Treaty of Fez creates French protectorate in Morocco

   Mar 30, 1912Labels: Treaty of, Sultan Abd, Resident-general

   • Treaty Fez
   • French Morocco

6. Fez riots erupt after protectorate measures announced

   Apr 17, 1912Labels: Fez riots, Fez, French forces

   • Fez riots
   • Treaty Fez

7. Berber Dahir sparks Morocco-wide nationalist protests

   May 16, 1930Labels: Berber Dahir, Berber communities, Moroccan nationalists

   • Berber Dahir
   • Britannica Muhammad V

8. Neo-Destour founded, reshaping Tunisian nationalism

   Mar 2, 1934Labels: Neo-Destour, Ksar Hellal, Tunisian nationalists

   • Britannica Destour
   • Ksar Hellal

9. Istiqlal Manifesto demands Moroccan independence

   Jan 11, 1944Labels: Istiqlal Manifesto, Istiqlal Party, Moroccan nationalists

   • Yabiladi
   • Britannica Muhammad V

10. France exiles Sultan Muhammad V, fueling resistance

    Aug 1, 1953Labels: Exile of, Sultan Muhammad, French authorities

    • Britannica Muhammad V
    • French Morocco

11. Tunisia gains internal autonomy agreement with France

    Jun 3, 1955Labels: Internal autonomy, Tunisian leaders, France

    • Bourguiba Fdn
    • Britannica Tunisia

12. Morocco negotiates independence at Aix-les-Bains

    Sep 1, 1955Labels: Aix-les-Bains negotiations, Moroccan delegation, France

    • Aix les Bains
    • Britannica Muhammad V

13. Muhammad V returns from exile, ending the stalemate

    Nov 16, 1955Labels: Return of, Muhammad V, Moroccan unity

    • Britannica Muhammad V
    • Morocco World

14. Franco-Moroccan declaration ends Treaty of Fez

    Mar 2, 1956Labels: Franco-Moroccan declaration, Treaty of, Morocco

    • Treaty Fez
    • Guardian Archive

15. Tunisia signs independence protocol in Paris

    Mar 20, 1956Labels: Tunisia independence, France, Tunisia

    • Britannica Tunisia
    • Leaders tn

16. Tunisia abolishes monarchy, consolidating post-protectorate state

    Jul 25, 1957Labels: Abolition of, Constituent Assembly, Tunisia

    • Kingdom Tunisia
    • Lamine Bey