Portuguese introduction and diffusion of chili peppers across Asia and Africa (c. 1500–1700)

1. Columbus returns Capsicum to Iberia

   Jan 1, 1493Labels: Christopher Columbus, Capsicum

   • Britannica
   • JSTOR Daily

2. Portuguese establish Estado da Índia administration

   Jan 1, 1505Labels: Estado da, Portuguese India

   • WHE
   • Britannica

3. Goa becomes Portuguese hub in India

   Nov 25, 1510Labels: Goa, Afonso de

   • Britannica
   • Britannica

4. Portuguese seize Malacca trading choke point

   Aug 15, 1511Labels: Malacca, Portuguese conquest

   • Britannica
   • Capture Malacca

5. Chilies spread through Malay Archipelago routes

   Jan 1, 1550Labels: Malay Archipelago, Portuguese trade

   • Sambal
   • Springer

6. Portuguese settle Macau as China-facing entrepôt

   Jan 1, 1557Labels: Macau, Portuguese settlement

   • LOC
   • Portuguese Macau

7. Goa publication documents Indo-Portuguese materia medica

   Jan 1, 1563Labels: Garcia de, Col quios

   • Orta
   • Wikipt

8. Nagasaki Harbor opens to Portuguese trade

   Jan 1, 1571Labels: Nagasaki, Portuguese Japan

   • Dejima
   • WHE Nagasaki

9. Chili described in Chinese text as "foreign pepper"

   Jan 1, 1591Labels: Gao Lian, Zunsheng Bajian

   • AskHistorians
   • Portuguese Macau

10. Chili adoption in Japan around early Edo

    Jan 1, 1600Labels: Japan, Edo period

    • J Stage
    • Dejima

11. Chili-based condiments become established in Southeast Asia

    Jan 1, 1620Labels: Southeast Asia, sambal

    • Sambal
    • Springer

12. Portuguese trade era at Nagasaki ends

    Jan 1, 1639Labels: Japan, expulsion of

    • WHE Nagasaki
    • Dejima

13. Chili varieties naturalize across Portuguese-speaking Africa

    Jan 1, 1650Labels: Portuguese Africa, piri-piri

    • Malagueta
    • Piri piri

14. Chilies broadly established across Africa–Asia maritime networks

    Jan 1, 1700Labels: Maritime networks, Capsicum

    • Malagueta
    • Sambal
    • Portuguese Macau