Portuguese Indian Ocean expansion and its effects on overland Silk Road trade (15th–17th centuries CE)

1. Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut by sea

   May 20, 1498Labels: Vasco da, Calicut, Cape route

   • Britannica
   • Cambridge

2. Cartaz pass system becomes a tool of maritime control

   Jan 1, 1502Labels: Cartaz, Portuguese navy

   • Encyclopedia
   • Boxer

3. Portugal creates the Estado da Índia administration

   Sep 12, 1505Labels: Estado da, Francisco de, Fortifications

   • Britannica
   • WHE

4. Portugal defeats rival fleet at the Battle of Diu

   Feb 3, 1509Labels: Battle of, Portuguese fleet

   • Britannica
   • Encyclopedia

5. Portugal captures Goa and builds a strategic base

   Dec 9, 1510Labels: Goa, Portuguese base

   • Britannica
   • TorreTombo

6. Portugal captures Malacca, a key maritime chokepoint

   Aug 15, 1511Labels: Malacca, Strait of

   • Britannica
   • Encyclopedia

7. Portugal secures Hormuz to influence Persian Gulf trade

   Jan 1, 1515Labels: Hormuz, Persian Gulf

   • Britannica
   • OxfordONGC

8. Treaty of Zaragoza formalizes Iberian spheres in Asia

   Apr 22, 1529Labels: Treaty of, Iberian Spheres

   • Britannica
   • Encyclopedia

9. Ottoman–Portuguese struggle intensifies over Red Sea routes

   Jun 26, 1538Labels: Ottoman Empire, Portuguese navy

   • UNESCO
   • Encyclopedia

10. Safavid–Portuguese tensions grow around Gulf trade

    Sep 29, 1614Labels: Safavid Iran, Portuguese

    • Encyclopedia
    • OxfordONGC

11. Anglo-Persian forces capture Hormuz from Portugal

    Apr 23, 1622Labels: Hormuz, English East

    • Encyclopedia
    • OxfordONGC

12. Dutch and Johor take Malacca, ending Portuguese dominance there

    Jan 14, 1641Labels: Malacca, Dutch East

    • Cambridge
    • Encyclopedia