Ports and routes in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)

1. Ptolemaic Red Sea ports link Nile to sea

   Jan 1, 300 BCELabels: Ptolemaic Egypt, Red Sea

   • Berenike
   • Periplus overview

2. Augustan-era surge in Red Sea–India sailing

   Jan 1, 20Labels: Augustus-era Rome, Red Sea

   • Strabo via Myos
   • UW Silkroad

3. Composition of the Periplus handbook

   Jan 1, 60Labels: Periplus author, Greek merchant

   • UW Silkroad
   • ArchaeoCosmos
   • Periplus overview

4. Myos Hormos and Berenike anchor the route

   Jun 1, 60Labels: Myos Hormos, Berenike

   • Myos Hormos
   • Berenike

5. Leukē Kōmē connects seaborne trade to Petra

   Jun 15, 60Labels: Leuk K, Nabataea

   • Leuke Kome
   • Navigating Periplus

6. Okelis becomes a key watering stop at Bab al-Mandeb

   Jul 1, 60Labels: Okelis, Bab al-Mandeb

   • Ocelis
   • Oc lis Casson

7. Muza emerges as a South Arabian trading emporium

   Jul 10, 60Labels: Muza, South Arabia

   • Muza emporion
   • Muza Yemen

8. Rhapta marks the far limit of the western route

   Aug 1, 60Labels: Rhapta, Azania

   • Navigating Periplus
   • UW Silkroad

9. Apologos links Mesopotamia to Gulf shipping

   Sep 1, 60Labels: Apologos, Persian Gulf

   • Periplus overview
   • UW Silkroad

10. Barigaza becomes the main emporium of western India

    Oct 1, 60Labels: Barigaza, Western India

    • Sunil Gupta Barygaza
    • Bharuch

11. Muziris highlighted as a Malabar Coast spice port

    Nov 1, 60Labels: Muziris, Malabar Coast

    • Muziris
    • Pattanam review

12. Periplus end-state: a mapped network of ports and routes

    Jan 1, 70Labels: Periplus, Indian Ocean

    • UW Silkroad
    • ArchaeoCosmos
    • Periplus overview