Plebiscites and Annexation of the Central Italian Duchies (1859–1860)

1. Leopold II flees; Tuscany forms provisional government

   Apr 25, 1859Labels: Leopold II, Tuscany provisional

   • Britannica
   • Tuscany Gov

2. Parma, Modena, and Romagna revolt against old rulers

   Jun 1, 1859Labels: Parma duchy, Modena duchy, Romagna

   • Britannica

3. Farini enters Modena as Piedmontese royal commissioner

   Jun 19, 1859Labels: Luigi Carlo, Modena

   • Farini IT
   • Farini Bio

4. Armistice of Villafranca proposes restoring central duchies

   Jul 11, 1859Labels: Armistice of, France Austria

   • Britannica
   • Villafranca

5. Treaty of Zürich confirms peace terms

   Nov 10, 1859Labels: Treaty of, France

   • Z rich
   • Britannica

6. United Provinces of Central Italy established

   Dec 8, 1859Labels: United Provinces, Tuscany

   • UPCI

7. Cavour returns to power and pushes for plebiscites

   Jan 21, 1860Labels: Camillo Cavour, Piedmont-Sardinia

   • Britannica

8. Emilia and Romagna vote for union with Piedmont-Sardinia

   Mar 11, 1860Labels: Emilia, Romagna

   • Emilia Vote
   • Romagna Vote

9. Tuscany votes for annexation to Piedmont-Sardinia

   Mar 11, 1860Labels: Tuscany plebiscite, Victor Emmanuel

   • Tuscany Gov
   • Britannica

10. Emilia-Romagna annexation becomes official

    Mar 18, 1860Labels: Emilia-Romagna annexation, Kingdom of

    • Emilia Provinces
    • Emilia Vote

11. Tuscany’s annexation proclaimed and formalized

    Mar 22, 1860Labels: Tuscany annexation, Tuscan high

    • Tuscany Gov
    • UPCI

12. Treaty of Turin trades Nice and Savoy for French acceptance

    Mar 24, 1860Labels: Treaty of, Nice and

    • Turin Treaty
    • Britannica

13. Central Italy’s annexations set stage for Kingdom of Italy

    Mar 17, 1861Labels: Kingdom of, Central Italy

    • Britannica
    • UPCI