Panama Independence and the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903–1904)

1. U.S. canal route selection authorized by Spooner Act

   Jun 28, 1902Labels: Spooner Act, U S

   • US Senate
   • Britannica

2. Hay–Herrán Treaty signed with Colombia

   Jan 22, 1903Labels: Hay Herr, John Hay

   • TR Center
   • Britannica

3. U.S. Senate ratifies Hay–Herrán Treaty

   Mar 17, 1903Labels: U S, Hay Herr

   • TR Center

4. Colombian Senate rejects Hay–Herrán Treaty

   Aug 12, 1903Labels: Colombian Senate, Colombia

   • TR Center
   • Britannica

5. Panama declares independence from Colombia

   Nov 3, 1903Labels: Panama, Independence

   • Britannica
   • Britannica

6. United States recognizes the Republic of Panama

   Nov 13, 1903Labels: United States, Panama

   • Britannica
   • US State Dept

7. Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed in Washington

   Nov 18, 1903Labels: Hay Bunau-Varilla, Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla

   • Britannica
   • US State Dept

8. Panama ratifies the canal treaty by decree

   Dec 2, 1903Labels: Panamanian provisional, Hay Bunau-Varilla

   • US State Dept
   • Britannica

9. U.S. Senate approves Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty

   Feb 23, 1904Labels: U S, Hay Bunau-Varilla

   • US Senate
   • Britannica

10. Ratifications exchanged; treaty proclaimed in force

    Feb 26, 1904Labels: Ratification exchange, Theodore Roosevelt

    • US State Dept

11. Canal Zone government organized under U.S. administration

    Mar 1, 1904Labels: Canal Zone, U S

    • Britannica
    • US State Dept

12. Outcome: U.S. legal control enables canal construction

    May 1, 1904Labels: Canal construction, Panama independence

    • US State Dept
    • Britannica