Obsidian Exchange Networks in Anatolia and the Levant (c. 12,000–2,000 BCE)

1. Early long-distance obsidian use documented

   Jan 1, 12000 BCELabels: Anatolian obsidian, Near East

   • Volcanology

2. Epipaleolithic groups increase obsidian circulation

   Jan 1, 10000 BCELabels: Epipaleolithic groups, Anatolian obsidian

   • IAOS Bulletin
   • JAS Reports

3. Hallan Çemi shows intensive obsidian use

   Jan 1, 9500 BCELabels: Hallan emi, Eastern Anatolia

   • IAOS Bulletin
   • Volcanology

4. PPNA Levant receives Cappadocian obsidian

   Jan 1, 9000 BCELabels: PPNA Levant, G ll

   • JAS Reports

5. Cappadocian workshops support wider supply

   Jan 1, 8500 BCELabels: Cappadocian workshops, G ll

   • Volcanology
   • Ancient Turkey

6. PPNB networks expand across Anatolia–Levant

   Jan 1, 8000 BCELabels: PPNB networks, Central Anatolia

   • Volcanology

7. Çatalhöyük reflects shifting Cappadocian sources

   Jan 1, 7100 BCELabels: atalh y, Cappadocian sources

   • atalh y k
   • ResearchGate

8. Levantine sites receive mixed-source obsidian packages

   Jan 1, 6500 BCELabels: Qdeir 1, Mixed-source assemblage

   • CRPV

9. Exchange persists into the Chalcolithic period

   Jan 1, 4500 BCELabels: Chalcolithic period, Central Anatolia

   • Volcanology

10. Northern Mesopotamia develops independent obsidian industries

    Jan 1, 3500 BCELabels: Tell Hamoukar, Northern Mesopotamia

    • Hamoukar

11. Early Bronze Age obsidian reaches marginal Levant regions

    Jan 1, 3000 BCELabels: Early Bronze, Negev

    • J Archaeol Sci
    • Volcanology

12. Bronze Age metal reduces obsidian’s central economic role

    Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Bronze Age, Metal transition

    • Volcanology