North Pole-1 and the Soviet Drifting Ice Station Program (1937–1991)

1. Fridtjof Nansen proves the drifting-ice approach

   Jan 1, 1893Labels: Fridtjof Nansen, Ship Fram

   • Drifting stations

2. Soviet Sever-1 expedition opens North Pole-1

   May 21, 1937Labels: North Pole-1, Severny Polyus-1

   • AARI HLAE
   • Nature 1937

3. Official flag-raising for North Pole-1

   Jun 6, 1937Labels: North Pole-1, Flag ceremony

   • AARI HLAE
   • NP 1

4. Icebreakers evacuate the North Pole-1 team

   Feb 19, 1938Labels: Taimyr, Murman

   • AARI HLAE
   • TASS

5. North Pole-1 publishes early scientific results

   Apr 9, 1938Labels: North Pole-1, Scientific publications

   • Nature 1938

6. North Pole-2 restarts drifting stations after WWII

   Apr 2, 1950Labels: North Pole-2, Severny Polyus-2

   • AARI HLAE
   • Drifting stations

7. Soviet drifting stations become near-continuous operations

   Jan 1, 1954Labels: Soviet drifting, Arctic logistics

   • AARI HLAE

8. Two-station push begins with North Pole-3 and -4

   Apr 4, 1954Labels: North Pole-3, North Pole-4

   • ARCTIC 1954
   • AARI HLAE

9. North Pole-31 ends, closing the Soviet-era series

   Jun 25, 1991Labels: North Pole-31, Arctic and

   • AARI HLAE

10. NP-31 breakaway prompts U.S. environmental incident report

    Sep 16, 1991Labels: North Pole-31, Environmental incident

    • NOAA report

11. Russia resumes the program with North Pole-32

    Apr 25, 2003Labels: North Pole-32, Russian program

    • AARI HLAE