Negotiations to End Apartheid and the 1994 Transition (1990–1994)

1. Mandela released, ANC and others unbanned

   Feb 11, 1990Labels: Nelson Mandela, ANC, South African

   • Negotiations

2. Groote Schuur Minute sets “talks about talks”

   May 4, 1990Labels: Groote Schuur, ANC, South African

   • ConCourt
   • Negotiations

3. Pretoria Minute advances prisoner releases and violence issues

   Aug 6, 1990Labels: Pretoria Minute, ANC, South African

   • SAHO
   • SAHO

4. DF Malan Accord further removes negotiation obstacles

   Feb 12, 1991Labels: DF Malan, Cape Town, negotiation safeguards

   • Mandela Fdn
   • SAHO

5. National Peace Accord creates structures to curb violence

   Sep 14, 1991Labels: National Peace, civil society, political parties

   • Mandela Fdn
   • Conciliation

6. CODESA I opens multi-party constitutional negotiations

   Dec 20, 1991Labels: CODESA I, World Trade, multi-party negotiations

   • AtoM
   • AtoM

7. White-only referendum backs de Klerk’s negotiation mandate

   Mar 17, 1992Labels: white referendum, F W

   • Negotiations

8. CODESA II convenes but deadlocks on core power questions

   May 15, 1992Labels: CODESA II, constitutional deadlock

   • Negotiations

9. Boipatong massacre triggers ANC withdrawal from talks

   Jun 17, 1992Labels: Boipatong massacre, ANC

   • SAHO
   • Boipatong

10. Bisho massacre amplifies pressure for renewed settlement

    Sep 7, 1992Labels: Bisho massacre, Ciskei homeland

    • Bisho
    • TRC

11. Record of Understanding restarts bilateral momentum

    Sep 26, 1992Labels: Record of, ANC, National Party

    • SAHO
    • Negotiations

12. Multi-Party Negotiating Forum begins and replaces CODESA

    Apr 1, 1993Labels: Multi-Party Negotiating, MPNF

    • Negotiations

13. Chris Hani assassination threatens talks, accelerates election planning

    Apr 10, 1993Labels: Chris Hani, South African

    • Britannica
    • Hani

14. Transitional Executive Council begins overseeing a fair transition

    Dec 7, 1993Labels: Transitional Executive, TEC

    • TEC

15. Interim Constitution assented, setting election framework

    Jan 25, 1994Labels: Interim Constitution, Act 200

    • Interim Const

16. Bophuthatswana crisis weakens “homeland” resistance to elections

    Mar 9, 1994Labels: Bophuthatswana crisis, homeland government

    • Bophuthatswana
    • TEC

17. First democratic national election held under universal suffrage

    Apr 27, 1994Labels: 1994 election, universal suffrage

    • Election 1994
    • Freedom Day

18. Nelson Mandela inaugurated as president of a new democracy

    May 10, 1994Labels: Nelson Mandela, Government of

    • SAHO
    • Mandela Govt