Neanderthal presence and interactions in Europe and Western Asia (c. 400–40 ka)

1. Sima de los Huesos shows early Neanderthal DNA

   Jan 1, 430000 BCELabels: Sima de, Atapuerca, Middle Pleistocene

   • Smithsonian
   • Nature

2. Neanderthal lineage established in Europe

   Jan 1, 400000 BCELabels: Neanderthal lineage, Europe, Middle Pleistocene

   • NHM UK
   • Smithsonian

3. Neanderthal traits become clearer over time

   Jan 1, 200000 BCELabels: Neanderthal anatomy, European fossils

   • Springer
   • NHM UK

4. Mousterian toolmaking spreads across Neanderthal range

   Jan 1, 160000 BCELabels: Mousterian, Levallois technique

   • Britannica
   • Oxford

5. Shanidar Cave burials document late Neanderthal life

   Jan 1, 65000 BCELabels: Shanidar Cave, Iraq, Neanderthal burials

   • Smithsonian
   • Shanidar

6. Neanderthals occupy Kebara Cave in the Levant

   Jan 1, 60000 BCELabels: Kebara Cave, Levant, Mousterian

   • Nature
   • Britannica

7. Modern humans and Neanderthals interbreed in Southwest Asia

   Jan 1, 55000 BCELabels: Interbreeding, Southwest Asia

   • Nature
   • Science

8. Possible “transitional” tool industries appear in Western Europe

   Jan 1, 44500 BCELabels: Ch telperronian, Western Europe

   • Oxford
   • Ch telperronian

9. Neanderthals disappear from most European archaeological records

   Jan 1, 40000 BCELabels: European Mousterian, Neanderthal disappearance

   • Oxford
   • SciAm

10. Neanderthal extinction becomes the dominant endpoint

    Jan 1, 37000 BCELabels: Neanderthal extinction, Late Pleistocene

    • NatGeo
    • ScienceDirect

11. Neanderthal discovery recognized after 1856 find

    Aug 1, 1856Labels: Neander Valley, 1856 discovery

    • Neanderthal M
    • NHM UK

12. Draft Neanderthal genome published

    May 7, 2010Labels: Draft Neanderthal, 2010 study

    • PubMed
    • MPI EVA

13. Denisovan genome reveals another archaic relative

    Dec 23, 2010Labels: Denisovan genome, Denisova Cave

    • Nature
    • UCSC News

14. High-coverage genomes refine Neanderthal interaction history

    Oct 5, 2017Labels: High-coverage genomes, Vindija Neanderthal

    • PubMed
    • PubMed