Mughal revenue reforms under Akbar and Todar Mal (c.1580–1605)

1. Akbar inherits a fragile empire

   Feb 11, 1556Labels: Akbar, Mughal Empire, Land Revenue

   • Britannica

2. Todar Mal rises to top financial office

   Jan 1, 1560Labels: Todar Mal, Imperial Treasury, Revenue Administration

   • Todar Mal

3. Akbar ends the pilgrim tax

   Jan 1, 1563Labels: Akbar, Pilgrim Tax

   • Britannica

4. Akbar abolishes the jizya poll tax

   Jan 1, 1564Labels: Akbar, Jizya

   • Britannica

5. Ten-year yield-and-price data gathering begins

   Jan 1, 1570Labels: Dahsala, Revenue Data

   • Todar Mal

6. Land is measured with standardized units

   Jan 1, 1570Labels: Ilahi gaz, Measuring Chain, Land Measurement

   • GKToday

7. Gujarat conquest expands taxable trade and land

   Jan 1, 1573Labels: Gujarat Conquest, Gujarat, Maritime Trade

   • Britannica

8. Subah provincial system supports revenue administration

   Jan 1, 1580Labels: Subah System, Provincial Administration

   • Subah

9. Dahsala (zabt) revenue assessment is implemented

   Jan 1, 1580Labels: Zabt, Dahsala

   • Todar Mal
   • Dahsala

10. Todar Mal dies, leaving a durable system

    Nov 8, 1589Labels: Todar Mal, Fiscal Reform

    • Todar Mal

11. Ain-i-Akbari records the mature revenue framework

    Jan 1, 1596Labels: Ain-i-Akbari, Abu'l Fazl

    • Ain i Akbari

12. Akbar’s death closes the reform era

    Oct 27, 1605Labels: Akbar, Succession

    • Britannica
    • Mughal emperors