Mitochondrial L3 emergence and the M/N expansion out of Africa (c. 70–50 ka)

1. Mount Toba supereruption reshapes Asian environments

   -00074000-01-01Labels: Mount Toba, Sumatra

   • Britannica
   • Peopling India

2. Haplogroup L3 emerges within African mtDNA diversity

   -00069999-01-01Labels: Haplogroup L3, Africa

   • Sci Reports
   • Haplogroup L3

3. Early splits create macrohaplogroups M and N

   -00064999-01-01Labels: Macrohaplogroup M, Macrohaplogroup N

   • Sci Reports
   • Haplogroup N

4. Main Out-of-Africa expansion spreads L3-derived lineages

   -00064999-01-01Labels: Out-of-Africa expansion, L3-derived

   • RAO Summary
   • L3 Review

5. Earlier Homo sapiens reach the Levant

   Jan 1, 11999 BCELabels: Skhul and, Levant

   • Vienna News
   • Skhul Qafzeh

6. L3 subclades record later population growth within Africa

   Feb 12, 2002Labels: L3 subclades, Africa

   • PubMed L3e

7. Southern coastal-route model supported by mtDNA genomes

   May 13, 2005Labels: Southern coastal, mtDNA genomes

   • Science 2005

8. Mutation-rate choices highlighted as a key uncertainty

   Jan 1, 2009Labels: Molecular clock, Mutation rate

   • mtDNA Clock

9. Northern-route model proposed via Egypt and Sinai

   May 28, 2015Labels: Northern route, Egypt

   • AJHG Pagani

10. PhyloTree becomes a standard mtDNA reference framework

    Feb 18, 2016Labels: PhyloTree, HaploGrep

    • HaploGrep
    • PhyloTree Paper

11. Ancient Sahara mtDNA adds evidence about N’s early history

    Mar 20, 2019Labels: Green Sahara, Ancient DNA

    • Sci Reports

12. Mitochondrial L3 and M/N become key markers in migration research

    Mar 1, 2026Labels: L3 narrative, M N

    • Haplogroup L3
    • Science 2005
    • AJHG Pagani