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2055 BCE1954 BCE1853 BCE1752 BCE1650 BCE
Michael CarricoMichael Carrico
Updated:Apr 23, 2026
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Middle Kingdom Trade Networks with Byblos, Punt, and Canaan (c. 2055–1650 BCE)

Middle Kingdom Trade Networks with Byblos, Punt, and Canaan (c. 2055–1650 BCE)

  1. Mentuhotep II reunifies Egypt, starting Middle Kingdom

    Labels: Mentuhotep II, Thebes

  2. Mentuhotep III sends major Punt expedition

    Labels: Mentuhotep III, Punt

  3. Wadi Hammamat route supports Red Sea logistics

    Labels: Wadi Hammamat, Coptos

  4. Mersa Gawasis operates as Middle Kingdom Red Sea port

    Labels: Mersa Gawasis, Saww

  5. Senusret I orders ship for “Bia-Punt” voyage

    Labels: Senusret I, Intefiqer

  7. Tod Treasure deposition signals wide exchange networks

    Labels: Tod Treasure, Amenemhat II

  8. Byblos “Temple of the Obelisks” reflects Egyptian influence

    Labels: Temple of, Byblos

  9. Middle Kingdom literature references Punt as trade world

    Labels: Tale of, Punt

  10. Amenemhat III records organized expeditions to Punt

    Labels: Amenemhat III, Senbef

  11. Amenemhat IV expedition to Punt noted at Mersa Gawasis

    Labels: Amenemhat IV, Mersa Gawasis

  12. Amenemhat IV attested in Byblos trade context

    Labels: Amenemhat IV, Byblos

  13. Levantine presence grows at Tell el-Dab'a (Avaris)

    Labels: Tell el-Dab'a, Canaanites

  14. Abishemu obelisk shows hieroglyphic-linked Byblos elites

    Labels: Abishemu obelisk, Byblos

  15. End of Middle Kingdom transitions toward Second Intermediate Period

    Labels: Second Intermediate, political fragmentation