Jenne–Timbuktu–Fez Scholarly and Commercial Networks (c. 13th–17th centuries)

1. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage boosts Mali’s global ties

   Jan 1, 1324Labels: Mansa Musa, Mali Empire, Mecca

   • Britannica
   • UNESCO Timbuktu

2. Mali Empire incorporates Timbuktu into its realm

   Jan 1, 1325Labels: Mali Empire, Timbuktu, Niger River

   • Britannica
   • Met Museum

3. Djinguereber Mosque built in Timbuktu

   Jan 1, 1327Labels: Djinguereber Mosque, Timbuktu, mosque

   • UNESCO Timbuktu
   • Djinguereber

4. Sankoré Mosque expands as a learning center

   Jan 1, 1350Labels: Sankor, Timbuktu, madrasa

   • UNESCO Timbuktu
   • Sankor

5. Ibn Battuta records Sahel travel and commerce

   Jan 1, 1352Labels: Ibn Battuta, Mali Empire

   • Britannica
   • Sankor

6. Sonni Ali conquers Timbuktu for Songhai

   Jan 1, 1468Labels: Sonni Ali, Songhai Empire, Timbuktu

   • Britannica Ali
   • Timbuktu History

7. Songhai captures Djenné, tightening Niger control

   Jan 1, 1473Labels: Djenn, Songhai Empire, Inland Niger

   • Djenn
   • Britannica

8. Askia Muhammad takes power and supports Islamic governance

   Apr 12, 1493Labels: Askia Muhammad, Songhai Empire, Islamic law

   • Britannica Askia
   • Anfao

9. Leo Africanus completes his Africa geography

   Mar 10, 1526Labels: Leo Africanus, geography, Fez

   • Cosmographia
   • Description Africa

10. Saadian dynasty secures Fez, reshaping Moroccan power

    Jan 1, 1549Labels: Saadian dynasty, Fez, Morocco

    • Saadi
    • Wattasid

11. Moroccan forces defeat Songhai at Tondibi

    Mar 13, 1591Labels: Battle of, Morocco, Songhai Empire

    • Tondibi
    • Timbuktu History

12. Moroccans capture Timbuktu and establish a pashalik

    May 30, 1591Labels: Pashalik of, Morocco, Timbuktu

    • Pashalik
    • Timbuktu History

13. Ahmad Baba arrested and deported from Timbuktu

    Jan 1, 1594Labels: Ahmad Baba, Timbuktu, deportation

    • Ahmad Baba
    • Timbuktu History

14. Battle of Jenné confirms Moroccan dominance in the Niger bend

    Apr 26, 1599Labels: Battle of, Morocco, Djenn

    • Battle Jenn
    • Djenn

15. Tarikh al-Sudan chronicles Timbuktu’s scholarly-commercial era

    Jan 1, 1655Labels: Tarikh al-Sudan, al-Sa di, Timbuktu

    • Tarikh
    • Djenn