Inuit and Thule Arctic Exchange Networks (c. 1000–1900 CE)

1. Thule sea-mammal technology spreads in Alaska

   Jan 1, 900Labels: Thule culture, Alaska coast

   • Britannica Arctic
   • Britannica Thule

2. Thule expansion moves exchange eastward across Arctic

   Jan 1, 1000Labels: Thule expansion, Northern Canada

   • Britannica Arctic
   • Britannica Thule

3. Thule reaches Greenland by the 1100s

   Jan 1, 1100Labels: Thule Greenland, North Atlantic

   • Britannica Thule

4. Norse Greenland settlements enter walrus-ivory trade

   Jan 1, 1100Labels: Norse Greenland, Walrus ivory

   • PMC study

5. Thule–Norse contact evidenced in 1200s Greenland

   Jan 1, 1200Labels: Thule Norse, Greenland coast

   • Sandhavn overview
   • PMC study

6. Thule networks connect Alaska and eastern Arctic

   Jan 1, 1300Labels: Thule networks, Central Arctic

   • Britannica Thule

7. Late Thule trade fairs formalize regional exchange

   Jan 1, 1400Labels: Sisualik fairs, Bering Strait

   • NPS Sisualik

8. European charter creates Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)

   May 2, 1670Labels: Hudson s, Hudson Bay

   • Britannica HBC
   • Ler Museum

9. Sisualik trade fairs draw multiethnic participation

   Jan 1, 1700Labels: Sisualik trade, Multiethnic participants

   • NPS Sisualik

10. Moravian mission at Nain becomes trade center

    Jan 1, 1771Labels: Nain mission, Moravian mission

    • HeritageNL

11. Danish state consolidates Greenland trade monopoly

    May 16, 1774Labels: Royal Greenland, Danish KGH

    • Royal Greenland Dept
    • Royal Greenland

12. Hopedale mission expands Labrador Inuit trade network

    Jan 1, 1782Labels: Hopedale mission, Moravian Hopedale

    • HeritageNL

13. Alaska Purchase accelerates U.S.-linked Arctic commerce

    Jan 1, 1868Labels: Alaska Purchase, Alaska Commercial

    • OAC finding aid
    • ACC article

14. Herschel Island becomes Beaufort Sea whaling hub

    Jan 1, 1890Labels: Herschel Island, Beaufort whaling

    • Parks Canada

15. By 1900, exchange shifts toward colonial trading posts

    Jan 1, 1900Labels: Colonial trading, Late 19th

    • NPS Sisualik
    • Royal Greenland Dept
    • Parks Canada