Indigo cultivation and export in Bengal under British rule (1780–1850)

1. Indigo export demand entrenches Bengal as supplier

   Jan 1, 1780Labels: Indigo trade, Bengal

   • Britannica
   • Britannica India

2. Permanent Settlement restructures Bengal’s rural economy

   Jan 1, 1793Labels: Permanent Settlement, Zamindars

   • UK Parliament
   • Banglapedia

3. Indigo production expands through factory-and-contract system

   Jan 1, 1800Labels: Indigo factories, European planters

   • Britannica
   • Britannica Bengal

4. Ryoti indigo contracts and debt advances become routine

   Jan 1, 1810Labels: Ryot contracts, Debt advances

   • Britannica
   • Britannica Debt

5. Charter Act 1813 accelerates private commercial involvement

   Jul 22, 1813Labels: Charter Act, British merchants

   • UK Parliament
   • Charter Act

6. Coercion intensifies as planters push indigo over food crops

   Jan 1, 1820Labels: Planter coercion, Food crops

   • Britannica
   • Britannica Rice

7. Indigo factory network spreads widely across Bengal

   Jan 1, 1830Labels: Factory network, Indigo districts

   • Indigo Revolt
   • Britannica

8. Charter Act 1833 ends Company trade, reshaping commodity ownership

   Aug 28, 1833Labels: Charter Act, East India

   • UK Parliament
   • Hansard 1833

9. Indigo-linked managing agencies emerge in Calcutta commerce

   Jan 1, 1834Labels: Carr Tagore, Calcutta commerce

   • Carr Tagore
   • Britannica Kolkata

10. Bengal indigo exports remain significant in the 1840s

    Jan 1, 1842Labels: Indigo exports, 1840s Bengal

    • EIC blog
    • Britannica

11. Cultivator resistance grows as debt and coercion persist

    Jan 1, 1848Labels: Cultivator resistance, Ryot organizing

    • Britannica
    • Indigo Revolt

12. Mid-century outcome: Bengal indigo system nears breaking point

    Jan 1, 1850Labels: Indigo system, Colonial extraction

    • Britannica
    • Indigo Revolt