Hxaro reciprocal gift networks among the Ju/'hoansi (San) of the Kalahari, c. 1900–1980

1. Hxaro networks anchor mobility and mutual aid

   Jan 1, 1900Labels: Hxaro, Ju 'hoansi, Kalahari

   • PNAS Wiessner
   • PMC Firelight

2. Early cattle ties reshape local exchange options

   Jan 1, 1900Labels: Mafisa, Dobe region, Cattle economies

   • Cultural Survival

3. Marshall family documents Nyae Nyae lifeways

   Jan 1, 1952Labels: Lorna Marshall, Nyae Nyae, Fieldwork

   • Peabody Museum
   • Smithsonian SOVA

4. Film "The Hunters" popularizes Ju/’hoansi subsistence

   Jan 1, 1957Labels: The Hunters, Nyae Nyae, Ethnographic film

   • Indigenous Archive
   • Smithsonian SOVA

5. Lee begins Dobe research during transition period

   Jan 1, 1963Labels: Richard B, Dobe, Anthropology

   • eHRAF Lee 1979
   • Cultural Survival

6. Man the Hunter symposium frames forager economies

   Apr 6, 1966Labels: Man the, Hunter-gatherers, Symposium

   • Man the Hunter

7. Botswana independence accelerates regional change

   Sep 30, 1966Labels: Botswana, Independence 1966, Government services

   • Cultural Survival

8. Wiessner’s research highlights hxaro as risk reduction

   Jan 1, 1973Labels: Polly Wiessner, Hxaro, Reciprocity

   • PNAS Wiessner
   • ASU Wiessner 1982

9. 1974 data show dense, long-distance hxaro ties

   Jan 1, 1974Labels: 1974 study, Hxaro networks, Long-distance ties

   • PNAS Wiessner
   • PMC Firelight

10. Bushmanland bantustan policy constrains land and movement

    Jan 1, 1976Labels: Bushmanland, Bantustan policy, South West

    • Bushmanland
    • Smithsonian SOVA

11. Settlement and cash flows begin shifting exchange patterns

    Jan 1, 1979Labels: Settlement, Cash economy, Nyae Nyae

    • eHRAF Lee 1979
    • PNAS Wiessner

12. By 1980, hxaro faces sustained pressure from new institutions

    Jan 1, 1980Labels: Institutions, Hxaro, Land control

    • PNAS Wiessner
    • Cultural Survival