Mali rises as a Sahelian cavalry stateJan 1, 1235Labels: Mali Empire, Sahel, trans-Saharan tradeBritannicaTrans Saharan trade
Mali’s cavalry culture appears in archaeologyJan 1, 1300Labels: Inland Niger, Djenn, equestrian artifactsMacmillanMet Museum
Trans-Saharan routes link horses, arms, and prestigeJan 1, 1350Labels: trans-Saharan caravans, Sahelian statesTrans Saharan tradeRoutledge
Islamic-era riding technology spreads southwardJan 1, 1400Labels: Islamic riding, saddles andTaylor FrancisRoutledge
Portuguese begin Atlantic horse-for-slaves exchangesJan 1, 1455Labels: Portuguese voyages, SenegambiaCadamostoJAH Cambridge
Songhai consolidates a cavalry-backed empireJan 1, 1493Labels: Songhai Empire, Niger BendBritannicaTrans Saharan trade
Hausa city-states expand as caravan terminalsJan 1, 1500Labels: Hausa city-states, KanoWorld History EncBlackPast
Horse imports remain vital due to disease limitsJan 1, 1550Labels: disease ecology, tsetse flyRoutledgeMerck Vet
Horse supply ties more tightly to slave-raiding politicsJan 1, 1580Labels: slave-raiding, Sahelian politiesRoutledgeBritannica
Saadian invasion defeats Songhai at TondibiMar 13, 1591Labels: Battle of, Saadian MoroccoBritannicaBattle Tondibi
Moroccan rule in Timbuktu reshapes Saharan connectionsMay 30, 1591Labels: Pashalik of, Moroccan garrisonsPashalikInvasion Songhai
Trans-Saharan trade’s early modern peak fadesJan 1, 1650Labels: trans-Saharan commerce, western SahelTrans Saharan tradeBritannica
Sahel horse-and-arms trade persists under new powersJan 1, 1750Labels: Sahelian markets, regional powersRoutledgeBritannica
Atlantic trade reorients West African military supply networksJan 1, 1800Labels: Atlantic trade, West AfricaBritannicaTrans Saharan trade