Homo erectus at Dmanisi, Georgia (c. 1.85–1.77 Ma)

1. Early Pleistocene occupation begins at Dmanisi

   Jan 1, 1849 BCELabels: Dmanisi site, Olduvai subchron

   • PNAS PubMed
   • Britannica

2. Volcanic layers help anchor Dmanisi’s age

   Jan 1, 1849 BCELabels: Volcanic layers, Radiometric dating

   • Britannica
   • PNAS PubMed

3. Hominin fossils accumulate at the Dmanisi site

   Jan 1, 1819 BCELabels: Dmanisi assemblage, Fossil-bearing levels

   • Britannica
   • PNAS PubMed

4. Early Homo mandible (D211) discovered

   Sep 24, 1991Labels: Mandible D211, Dmanisi excavations

   • Nature
   • Skull5 study

5. First Dmanisi mandible reported in Nature

   Feb 9, 1995Labels: Gabunia &, Nature paper

   • Nature

6. Two partial crania found at Dmanisi

   Jan 1, 1999Labels: Partial crania, Stratigraphic unit

   • Science PubMed

7. Large jaw (D2600) recovered from deeper layer

   Jan 1, 2000Labels: Mandible D2600, Deeper layer

   • Dmanisi overview
   • Skull5 study

8. Cranial remains and site age published

   May 12, 2000Labels: Science paper, Cranial description

   • Science PubMed

9. Skull 3 (D2700) and jaw found

   Jan 1, 2001Labels: Skull 3, Associated jaw

   • Dmanisi overview
   • Skull3

10. Toothless elderly individual (Skull 4) discovered

    Jan 1, 2002Labels: Skull 4, Toothless elder

    • Smithsonian
    • Dmanisi overview

11. Associated mandible for Skull 4 recovered

    Jan 1, 2003Labels: Mandible D3900, Skull 4

    • Dmanisi overview
    • Smithsonian

12. Skull 5 cranium (D4500) discovered

    Aug 5, 2005Labels: Skull 5, Complete cranium

    • NatGeo
    • Science PubMed

13. Postcranial skeleton evidence published in Nature

    Sep 20, 2007Labels: Postcranial bones, Nature 2007

    • Nature

14. Dmanisi occupations refined to 1.85–1.78 Ma

    Jun 28, 2011Labels: PNAS 2011, Occupation chronology

    • PNAS PubMed

15. Complete adult skull reported, sparking taxonomy debate

    Oct 18, 2013Labels: D4500 D2600, Taxonomy debate

    • Science PubMed
    • Britannica

16. Dmanisi becomes a benchmark for “Out of Africa” timing

    Dec 31, 2013Labels: Out-of-Africa benchmark, Dmanisi reference

    • Britannica
    • Science PubMed