Harappan Metallurgy: Copper, Bronze and Alloying Practices (c. 3300–1500 BCE)

1. Lost-wax copper amulet cast at Mehrgarh

   Jan 1, 4000 BCELabels: Mehrgarh, Lost-wax casting

   • Nature Comms
   • Britannica

2. Early Harappan copper industry begins expanding

   Jan 1, 3300 BCELabels: Early Harappan, Copper industry

   • Britannica
   • Harappa com

3. Harappan alloying practices documented at Harappa

   Jan 1, 2600 BCELabels: Harappa, Alloying practices

   • Harappa com
   • IJHS

4. Sea trade brings copper ingots to Lothal

   Jan 1, 2600 BCELabels: Lothal, Maritime trade

   • Britannica

5. Ganeshwar–Jodhpura copper tradition links to Harappans

   Jan 1, 2600 BCELabels: Ganeshwar Jodhpura, Khetri belt

   • Quaternary Intl
   • Britannica

6. Tin-bronze and arsenical copper used selectively

   Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Alloying strategy, Tin-bronze

   • IJHS
   • Harappa com

7. Lost-wax bronze figurine tradition evidenced at Mohenjo-daro

   Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Mohenjo-daro, Dancing Girl

   • Smarthistory
   • Britannica

8. Urban workshops integrate metal with bead industries

   Jan 1, 2400 BCELabels: Chanhudaro, Urban workshops

   • McIntosh via WP
   • Britannica

9. Magan and Indus exchange supports copper supply

   Jan 1, 2300 BCELabels: Magan, Maritime exchange

   • Britannica
   • Umm Al Nar

10. Late Harappan continuity into regional copper traditions

    Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Late Harappan, Regional traditions

    • OCP WP
    • Britannica

11. Mesopotamian texts record changing Indus trade routes

    Jan 1, 1900 BCELabels: Mesopotamia, Trade routes

    • Britannica

12. Old Babylonian period marks end of Indus–Mesopotamia trade

    Jan 1, 1700 BCELabels: Old Babylonian, Trade cessation

    • Britannica