Harappan (Indus Valley) maritime trade with Mesopotamia (c. 2600–1900 BCE)

1. Mature Harappan urban phase begins

   Jan 1, 2600 BCELabels: Mature Harappan, Indus cities

   • Britannica
   • Met Museum

2. Indus exports reach Mesopotamian elite burials

   Jan 1, 2600 BCELabels: Carnelian beads, Ur elite

   • Wikipedia ED

3. Gulf entrepôts connect Indus and Mesopotamia

   Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Dilmun, Gulf ports

   • Antiquity
   • Harappa com

4. Indus-style sealing practices support managed trade

   Jan 1, 2400 BCELabels: Indus seals, Sealings

   • Wikipedia Meluhha
   • Penn Museum

5. Lothal develops as a Harappan coastal trading town

   Jan 1, 2400 BCELabels: Lothal, Harappan port

   • Harappa com
   • Wikipedia Lothal

6. Sargon’s inscription mentions Meluhha ships

   Jan 1, 2334 BCELabels: Sargon inscription, Meluhha ships

   • Wikipedia Akkad
   • Wikipedia Meluhha

7. Naram-Sin lists a “man of Meluhha”

   Jan 1, 2254 BCELabels: Naram-Sin inscription, Man of

   • Wikipedia Meluhha
   • Wikipedia ibra

8. Gudea records Meluhha materials for temple building

   Jan 1, 2144 BCELabels: Gudea texts, Temple materials

   • Wikipedia Meluhha
   • EBSCO

9. Trade peaks during Akkadian and Ur III eras

   Jan 1, 2100 BCELabels: Akkadian era, Ur III

   • Wikipedia ED
   • Wikipedia Indo Meso

10. Persian Gulf seal types appear at Lothal

    Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Persian Gulf, Lothal find

    • Antiquity
    • Harappa com

11. Indus urban system transforms after 1900 BCE

    Jan 1, 1900 BCELabels: Post-1900 transformation, Indus decline

    • Britannica
    • Aramco World

12. Mesopotamian references to Meluhha fade out

    Jan 1, 1760 BCELabels: Mesopotamian texts, Meluhha disappearance

    • Wikipedia Meluhha
    • Aramco World