Fulani Jihad States and 19th-Century Reorganization of Sahelian Trade (c. 1804–1890)

1. Usman dan Fodio launches the Sokoto jihad

   Feb 21, 1804Labels: Usman dan, Sokoto Caliphate

   • Dan Fodio Jihad
   • Sokoto Caliphate

2. Battle of Tsuntua signals major early resistance

   Dec 1, 1804Labels: Gobir, Battle of

   • Tsuntua Battle
   • Dan Fodio Jihad

3. Sokoto Caliphate consolidates control of Hausaland

   Jan 1, 1808Labels: Sokoto Caliphate, Hausaland

   • Sokoto Caliphate
   • Dan Fodio Jihad

4. Sokoto founded as a frontier camp and base

   Jan 1, 1809Labels: Sokoto, ribat

   • Sokoto City
   • Sokoto Caliphate

5. Adamawa Emirate expands trade into the Benue basin

   Jan 1, 1809Labels: Adamawa Emirate, Modibo Adama

   • Adamawa Emirate
   • Modibo Adama

6. Seku Amadu wins at Noukouma and founds Massina state

   Mar 21, 1818Labels: Seku Amadu, Massina

   • Noukouma Battle
   • Hamdullahi Caliphate

7. Hamdullahi becomes Massina’s capital

   Jan 1, 1819Labels: Hamdullahi, Massina

   • Seku Amadu
   • Hamdullahi

8. Sokoto reaches peak prosperity and tribute flows

   Jan 1, 1820Labels: Sokoto Caliphate, tributary system

   • Sokoto City

9. Umar Tall prepares a new jihad-based commercial-military state

   Jan 1, 1848Labels: Umar Tall, Dinguiraye

   • Britannica Tukulor

10. Umar Tall’s jihad expands from the Upper Senegal

    Jan 1, 1850Labels: Tukulor Empire, Umar Tall

    • Britannica Tukulor

11. Conquest of Ségou shifts control of the Niger corridor

    Mar 10, 1861Labels: S gou, Tukulor Empire

    • Segou Battle
    • Britannica Tukulor

12. Umar Tall defeats Massina, ending its independent trade regime

    Mar 16, 1862Labels: Umar Tall, Massina

    • Hamdullahi
    • Britannica Tukulor

13. Berlin Conference accelerates European push into Sahel trade zones

    Nov 15, 1884Labels: Berlin Conference, European powers

    • Britannica Berlin
    • Berlin Conference

14. French capture of Timbuktu marks a new trade order

    Jan 1, 1894Labels: Timbuktu, French conquest

    • Britannica Timbuktu