Florentine bills of exchange and the commenda system (c. 1200–1500)

1. Commenda partnerships spread in Italian trade

   Jan 1, 1200Labels: Commenda, Italian merchants

   • Britannica
   • Commenda

2. Arte del Cambio emerges as banking guild

   Jan 1, 1202Labels: Arte del, Florence

   • Arte Cambio
   • Arte Cambio

3. Florence begins minting the gold florin

   Jan 1, 1252Labels: Florence, Gold florin

   • British Museum
   • Northwestern
   • Florin

4. Bills of exchange take recognizable medieval form

   Jan 1, 1299Labels: Bill of, Medieval banking

   • Rutgers MEMDB
   • Munro Toronto

5. Major Florentine “super-companies” collapse

   Jan 1, 1345Labels: Bardi family, Peruzzi family

   • Cambridge Core
   • Villani excerpt
   • Bardi

6. Florentine exchange banking expands beyond coin-changing

   Jan 1, 1350Labels: Florentine bankers, Exchange banking

   • Arte Cambio
   • Munro Toronto

7. Merchant archives document routine bill usage

   Jan 1, 1390Labels: Datini archive, Merchant records

   • Datini Institute
   • Rutgers MEMDB

8. Medici Bank founded in Florence

   Jan 1, 1397Labels: Medici Bank, Giovanni de'

   • Medici Bank

9. Bills of exchange underpin cross-city merchant networks

   Jan 1, 1450Labels: Bills of, Merchant networks

   • Banca d Italia
   • Munro Toronto

10. Pazzi conspiracy shocks Florentine elite politics

    Apr 26, 1478Labels: Pazzi conspiracy, Lorenzo de'

    • Britannica
    • Frick

11. Medici expelled as French invasion hits Florence

    Nov 9, 1494Labels: Charles VIII, Medici expulsion

    • Medici Bank
    • Alfonsina Orsini

12. End of Medici Bank era and lasting legacy

    Jan 1, 1500Labels: Medici Bank, Florentine banking

    • Medici Bank
    • Rutgers MEMDB
    • Banca d Italia