European exploratory expeditions into Central Africa (1870–1900)

1. Stanley meets Livingstone at Ujiji

   Nov 10, 1871Labels: Henry Morton, David Livingstone, Ujiji

   • Livingstone Online
   • Stanley bio

2. Leopold II launches an “African” association

   Sep 1, 1876Labels: Leopold II, Association Internationale, Brussels

   • Britannica
   • Brussels conf

3. Stanley reaches the Atlantic via the Congo

   Aug 9, 1877Labels: Henry Morton, Congo River, Boma

   • Stanley bio

4. Leopold organizes Upper Congo study committee

   Jan 1, 1878Labels: Leopold II, Comit d, Upper Congo

   • Britannica

5. International Association of the Congo is founded

   Nov 17, 1879Labels: International Association, Leopold II, Congo Basin

   • AIC overview
   • Britannica

6. Brazza signs protectorate treaty with Makoko

   Sep 10, 1880Labels: Pierre Savorgnan, Makoko, Teke

   • Britannica
   • Treaty note

7. Stanley builds stations along the Congo River

   Dec 3, 1882Labels: Henry Morton, L opoldville, Congo stations

   • Britannica
   • Stanley bio

8. United States recognizes Leopold’s Congo association

   Apr 22, 1884Labels: United States, International Association, diplomacy

   • Congo Free State
   • Britannica

9. Berlin Conference sets “effective occupation” rules

   Nov 15, 1884Labels: Berlin Conference, European powers, Congo Basin

   • Britannica
   • German FO

10. General Act of Berlin is signed

    Feb 26, 1885Labels: General Act, river basins, free trade

    • German FO
    • Britannica

11. Congo Free State emerges from Leopold’s association

    Jul 1, 1885Labels: Congo Free, Leopold II, personal rule

    • CFS overview
    • US Historian

12. Stanley’s Emin Pasha Relief Expedition reaches Equatoria

    Jul 1, 1888Labels: Emin Pasha, Henry Morton, Equatoria

    • Emin Pasha

13. Matadi–Kinshasa railway construction begins

    Jan 1, 1890Labels: Matadi Kinshasa, Congo Free, Matadi

    • Railway

14. Anglo-German Zanzibar Treaty fixes East African spheres

    Jul 1, 1890Labels: Heligoland Zanzibar, Britain, Germany

    • Britannica
    • GHDI text

15. Matadi–Kinshasa railway is completed

    Jan 1, 1898Labels: Matadi Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Atlantic connection

    • Railway

16. Fashoda crisis exposes risks of rival inland routes

    Jul 10, 1898Labels: Fashoda Crisis, Britain, France

    • Fashoda