European adoption of maize in Iberia and Italy (c. 1500–1800)

1. Columbus returns to Iberia with maize

   Mar 15, 1493Labels: Christopher Columbus, Spain, New World

   • Britannica

2. Maize adopted around Coimbra, Portugal

   Jan 1, 1520Labels: Coimbra, Portugal, Maize adoption

   • Flexpub

3. Maize cultivation established in Spain

   Jan 1, 1525Labels: Spain, Maize cultivation, Peasant diet

   • Maize
   • Potato hist

4. Maize cultivation begins in northern Italy (Veneto)

   Jan 1, 1530Labels: Veneto, Northern Italy, Polenta

   • Maize
   • Apollo

5. Maize prices quoted on Coimbra exchanges

   Jan 1, 1533Labels: Coimbra, Market prices, Maize commerce

   • Flexpub

6. Mattioli notes polenta made from maize

   Jan 1, 1568Labels: Pietro Andrea, Northern Italy, Polenta

   • Milioni

7. Felici reports maize bread in Romagna

   Jan 1, 1580Labels: Costanzo Felici, Romagna, Maize bread

   • Milioni

8. Frutuoso compiles Macaronesia observations

   Jan 1, 1586Labels: Gaspar Frutuoso, Macaronesia, Azores

   • Frutuoso
   • Saudades

9. Maize documented as established in the Canaries

   Jan 1, 1609Labels: Canary Islands, Maize establishment, Atlantic exchange

   • PMC study

10. Maize becomes common food in Minho and Beira

    Jan 1, 1650Labels: Minho, Beira, Portugal

    • Flexpub

11. Maize becomes major staple in Galicia (NW Spain)

    Jan 1, 1700Labels: Galicia, NW Spain, Staple crop

    • Flexpub

12. Casal describes pellagra in Spain

    Jan 1, 1735Labels: Gaspar Casal, Spain, Pellagra

    • UAB Libraries
    • PMC foods

13. Term “pellagra” introduced by Frapolli

    Jan 1, 1771Labels: Francesco Frapolli, Milan, Pellagra

    • Pellagra
    • Frapolli

14. Gran Canaria maize output recorded at scale

    Jan 1, 1789Labels: Gran Canaria, Maize production, Canary Islands

    • PMC study