Development of undersea repeaters and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (1975–1995)

1. SG coaxial repeaters set late-analog baseline

   Jul 1, 1976Labels: SG system, TAT-6, coaxial repeater

   • Nokia Bell Labs

2. Rare-earth research revived for fiber amplification

   Jan 1, 1985Labels: rare-earth research, erbium fiber

   • INS News

3. Mears reports early erbium-doped fiber gain

   Jan 1, 1987Labels: Robert J, University of, erbium-doped fiber

   • IEEE Spectrum

4. TAT-8 laying begins for first transatlantic fiber cable

   Jul 15, 1987Labels: TAT-8, AT&T, transatlantic fiber

   • UPI Archive

5. Optically amplified EDFA teams emerge at Southampton and Bell Labs

   Dec 1, 1987Labels: Southampton group, Bell Labs, EDFA

   • Optical Amplifier
   • David Payne

6. TAT-8 enters service using OEO regenerative repeaters

   Dec 14, 1988Labels: TAT-8, OEO regenerator

   • Wired
   • TAT 8

7. Laser-diode pumping strengthens practical EDFA designs

   Jan 1, 1989Labels: laser-diode pumping, EDFA

   • Nakazawa
   • Optical Amplifier

8. EDFA concept recognized as key to long-distance fiber scaling

   Jan 1, 1990Labels: EDFA concept, long-haul fiber

   • Optical Amplifier
   • Submarine Cable

9. First-generation optically amplified submarine systems enter service

   Jan 1, 1994Labels: Columbus II, optically-amplified submarine

   • Columbus II
   • Lightwave

10. EDFA repeaters enable growth toward WDM-ready submarine design

    Jan 1, 1995Labels: WDM-ready design, EDFA repeaters

    • Submarine Cable
    • Optical Amplifier

11. Undersea repeater role shifts from regeneration to optical amplification

    Dec 1, 1995Labels: optical amplifier, submarine repeaters

    • Submarine Cable

12. 1975–1995 innovations set the modern undersea amplifier standard

    Dec 31, 1995Labels: 1975 1995, undersea amplifiers

    • Nokia Bell Labs
    • TAT 8
    • Columbus II