Conquest of North Africa and crossing into Iberia (647–718)

1. First major raid into Ifriqiya

   Jan 1, 647Labels: Ifriqiya, Early Caliphate

   • Britannica
   • Sufetula

2. Battle of Sufetula weakens Byzantine Africa

   Jan 1, 647Labels: Sufetula, Byzantine Africa

   • Sufetula
   • Ibn Idhari

3. Founding of Kairouan as a permanent base

   Jan 1, 670Labels: Kairouan, Umayyad base

   • Kairouan
   • Britannica

4. Uqba ibn Nafi killed at Vescera

   Jan 1, 682Labels: Uqba ibn, Vescera

   • Vescera
   • Uqba

5. Berber counterattacks disrupt Muslim control

   Jan 1, 683Labels: Berber resistance, Kairouan

   • Kairouan
   • Vescera

6. Umayyads reassert themselves at the Battle of Mamma

   Jan 1, 688Labels: Battle of, Umayyads

   • Mamma
   • Vescera

7. Carthage captured, ending Byzantine stronghold

   Jan 1, 698Labels: Carthage, Umayyad conquest

   • Carthage 698
   • Britannica

8. Berber resistance under Dihya challenges expansion

   Jan 1, 698Labels: Dihya, Berber resistance

   • Meskiana
   • Kairouan

9. Ifriqiya organized as an Umayyad province

   Jan 1, 705Labels: Ifriqiya, Umayyad province

   • Britannica
   • Kairouan

10. Tariq ibn Ziyad lands at Gibraltar

    May 1, 711Labels: Tariq ibn, Gibraltar

    • Britannica
    • Guadalete

11. Battle of Guadalete opens road to Toledo

    Jul 1, 711Labels: Battle of, Visigoths

    • Guadalete
    • Britannica

12. Musa ibn Nusayr arrives with reinforcements

    Jul 1, 712Labels: Musa ibn, Reinforcements

    • Britannica
    • M rida

13. Treaty of Orihuela sets model for local submission

    Apr 5, 713Labels: Treaty of, Theudimer

    • Orihuela
    • Wikidata

14. Siege and capture of Mérida

    Jun 30, 713Labels: M rida, Siege

    • M rida
    • Britannica

15. Umayyads take Narbonne beyond the Pyrenees

    Jan 1, 719Labels: Narbonne, Septimania

    • Septimania
    • De Re Militari