Bronze Age steppe pastoralist expansions across Central Asia (c.2500–1000 BCE)

1. Afanasievo herders expand into the Altai

   Jan 1, 3300 BCELabels: Afanasievo culture, Altai, Minusinsk Basin

   • Britannica
   • Afanasievo

2. Chemurchek culture spreads in mountain-steppe zones

   Jan 1, 2750 BCELabels: Chemurchek culture, Dzungaria, Mongolia

   • Chemurchek

3. Afanasievo influence wanes across the Altai

   Jan 1, 2500 BCELabels: Afanasievo culture, Altai, Bronze Age

   • Afanasievo

4. BMAC urban centers grow in southern Central Asia

   Jan 1, 2250 BCELabels: BMAC, Oxus Civilization, oasis towns

   • BMAC

5. Sintashta fortified settlements emerge in the southern Urals

   Jan 1, 2200 BCELabels: Sintashta culture, Southern Urals, fortified settlements

   • Sintashta

6. Seima–Turbino metalworking networks spread rapidly

   Jan 1, 2200 BCELabels: Seima Turbino, metalworking networks, northern Eurasia

   • Seima Turbino
   • AES Journal

7. Early chariot technology appears in Sintashta burials

   Jan 1, 2050 BCELabels: Sintashta burials, chariot technology, wheeled vehicles

   • Sintashta

8. Andronovo horizon expands across the Central Asian steppe

   Jan 1, 2000 BCELabels: Andronovo horizon, Kazakh steppe, pastoralist economy

   • Andronovo

9. Tazabagyab culture forms near the lower Amu Darya

   Jan 1, 1850 BCELabels: Tazabagyab culture, Lower Amu, Aral region

   • Tazabagyab

10. Steppe pastoralists intensify contact with BMAC oases

    Jan 1, 1700 BCELabels: Steppe pastoralists, BMAC oases, cultural contact

    • BMAC

11. Begazy–Dandybai culture rises in central Kazakhstan

    Jan 1, 1500 BCELabels: Begazy Dandybai, Central Kazakhstan, mausolea

    • Begazy Dandybai
    • Mausolea

12. Yaz I culture replaces late Bronze Age oasis patterns

    Jan 1, 1000 BCELabels: Yaz I, southern Central, Iron Age

    • Yaz