Arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe (c. 45,000–35,000 BP)

1. Possible early sapiens incursion at Grotte Mandrin

   Jan 1, 52000 BCELabels: Grotte Mandrin, Homo sapiens

   • NHM Press
   • Nature Ranis

2. Neanderthals dominate Europe before sapiens arrival

   Jan 1, 48000 BCELabels: Neanderthals

   • Nature Ranis
   • Nature E E

3. Modern humans documented at Bacho Kiro Cave

   Jan 1, 44000 BCELabels: Bacho Kiro, Homo sapiens

   • Univ Bologna
   • MPG Bacho Kiro

4. Initial Upper Paleolithic expands with early pioneers

   Jan 1, 44000 BCELabels: Initial Upper, Zlat k

   • Nature 2024
   • ScienceDaily 2024

5. Neanderthal–sapiens genetic mixing leaves measurable traces

   Jan 1, 44000 BCELabels: Neanderthal admixture

   • Nature 2024
   • ScienceDaily 2024

6. LRJ toolmakers at Ranis identified as Homo sapiens

   Jan 1, 43000 BCELabels: Ranis, LRJ

   • Nature Ranis
   • Nature E E

7. Sapiens adapt to cold-steppe conditions in central Europe

   Jan 1, 43000 BCELabels: Ranis, Cold steppe

   • Nature E E
   • Nature E E

8. Uluzzian in Italy attributed to modern humans

   Jan 1, 43000 BCELabels: Uluzzian, Grotta del

   • PubMed Cavallo

9. Aurignacian spreads as a widespread sapiens-associated culture

   Jan 1, 41000 BCELabels: Aurignacian

   • Nature 2011
   • PMC Willendorf II

10. Neanderthals disappear across most of Europe

    Jan 1, 37000 BCELabels: Neanderthals

    • LiveScience
    • Nature Ranis

11. Kostenki 14 genome shows lasting European genetic structure

    Jan 1, 36000 BCELabels: Kostenki 14

    • Science 2014

12. End of the initial arrival phase and start of established settlement

    Jan 1, 33000 BCELabels: Established settlement

    • Nature 2024
    • Science 2014