Adoption of New World chilies into South Asian pickling and chutney traditions (c. 16th–19th centuries)

1. Columbus brings Capsicum to Spain

   Jan 1, 1494Labels: Diego lvarez, Capsicum, Columbus voyage

   • RSC Books

2. Portuguese seize Goa as a key Asian hub

   Nov 25, 1510Labels: Goa colony, Portuguese Empire, Indian west

   • Britannica

3. Chilies established in India by mid-1500s

   Jan 1, 1542Labels: Capsicum cultivation, India, 16th century

   • RSC Books

4. Garcia de Orta publishes Goa natural history

   Apr 10, 1563Labels: Garcia de, Col quios, Goa print

   • Colloquies WP
   • UB Journal

5. Portuguese-linked diffusion across Asia accelerates

   Jan 1, 1590Labels: Portuguese trade, Iberian routes, Maritime diffusion

   • Chili pepper WP
   • Britannica

6. Ain-i-Akbari records Mughal court foodways

   Jan 1, 1596Labels: Ain-i-Akbari, Mughal court, North India

   • Ain i Akbari

7. Chilies become distinguishing achar ingredient

   Jan 1, 1650Labels: Achar, South Asian, Chilies

   • South Asian pickle

8. Vindaloo showcases vinegar–chili fusion in Goa

   Jan 1, 1700Labels: Vindaloo, Goa cuisine, Vinha d'alhos

   • Britannica
   • Times of India

9. Chili trade shifts heat from pepper to Capsicum

   Jan 1, 1750Labels: Chili trade, Black pepper, Capsicum adoption

   • Britannica
   • Chili pepper WP

10. Regional chili–pickle styles diversify across India

    Jan 1, 1800Labels: Regional pickles, India, Chili forms

    • South Asian pickle

11. Industrial-era print and empire spread “achar” abroad

    Jan 1, 1850Labels: Achar abroad, Imperial trade, Print culture

    • South Asian pickle

12. Chilies entrenched in South Asian preservation canon

    Jan 1, 1900Labels: Preservation canon, South Asian, Chilies entrenched

    • Chili pepper WP
    • South Asian pickle