Abolition of the Imperial Examinations and Educational Reform (1895–1905)

1. Treaty of Shimonoseki intensifies reform urgency

   Apr 17, 1895Labels: Treaty of

   • Britannica

2. First Hundred Days’ reform edict issued

   Jun 11, 1898Labels: Guangxu Emperor, Hundred Days

   • Britannica
   • Britannica

3. Imperial University of Peking authorized

   Jun 11, 1898Labels: Imperial University, Peking University

   • PKU
   • Britannica

4. Cixi’s coup ends Hundred Days’ Reform

   Sep 21, 1898Labels: Empress Dowager

   • Britannica

5. New Policies reforms begin after Boxer Protocol

   Sep 1, 1901Labels: New Policies, Boxer Protocol

   • Britannica
   • US Historian

6. Traditional academies ordered converted to modern schools

   Sep 1, 1901Labels: Traditional academies

   • Chiculture

7. First modern national school regulations drafted (Renyin)

   Jan 1, 1902Labels: Zhang Baixi, Renyin system

   • Zhang Baixi
   • Chiculture

8. Eight-legged essay requirement ordered abolished

   Jan 1, 1903Labels: Eight-legged essay

   • Chiculture
   • Imperial exam

9. Comprehensive national school plan submitted to throne

   Jan 13, 1904Labels: Zhang Baixi, Zhang Zhidong

   • US Historian

10. Guimao school system approved and promulgated

    Jan 13, 1904Labels: Guimao system

    • US Historian
    • Zhang Baixi

11. Edict encourages overseas study for civil-service advancement

    Sep 1, 1905Labels: Overseas study

    • US Historian

12. Imperial examination system abolished by edict

    Sep 2, 1905Labels: Imperial examination

    • US Historian
    • US Historian

13. Provincial examination officials reassigned as school inspectors

    Sep 4, 1905Labels: Provincial exam

    • US Historian