Old Kingdom
Trade expeditions to Byblos, Punt, and Nubia during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE)
2686 BCE - 2181 BCE
Sneferu's pyramid projects: Meidum, Bent, and Red Pyramids (c. 2613–2589 BCE)
2613 BCE - 2589 BCE
Reign of Djoser and the Step Pyramid at Saqqara (c. 2670–2640 BCE)
2667 BCE - 2020
Provincial administration and the rise of nomarchs in the Late Old Kingdom (c. 2400–2181 BCE)
2400 BCE - 2010 BCE
Nyuserre Ini: reign, building projects, and administrative reforms (c. 2445–2421 BCE)
2445 BCE - 2421 BCE
Mortuary cults, temple offerings, and tomb practices at Saqqara (c. 2686–2181 BCE)
2667 BCE - 2250 BCE
Menkaure's reign and the Third Pyramid complex at Giza (c. 2532–2503 BCE)
2532 BCE - 1910
Late Old Kingdom climatic events, famines, and the political crisis leading to collapse (c. 2350–2181 BCE)
2150 - 2278
Khufu's reign and the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2589–2566 BCE)
2589 BCE - 1954
Khafre, the Great Sphinx, and the shaping of the Giza necropolis (c. 2558–2532 BCE)
2589 BCE - 1979
Fourth Dynasty royal administration and the rise of pyramid towns (c. 2613–2494 BCE)
2613 BCE - 2494 BCE
Fifth Dynasty sun temples and the institutionalization of the solar cult (c. 2494–2345 BCE)
2494 BCE - 2025